Oct 21, 2020

Assignment on Principles of Education-Prophet Muhammad (Pbuh) and Education * Bachelor of Education assignment

 In the name of Allah, The Most Merciful, The Most Beneficent  

Prophet Muhammad (Pbuh) and Education

Introduction:

Islam has, from its inception, placed a high premium on education and has enjoyed a long and rich intellectual tradition. Knowledge ('ilm) occupies a significant position within Islam, as evidenced by the more than 800 references to it in Islam's most revered book, the Holy Quran.

The importance of education is repeatedly emphasized in the Koran with frequent injunctions, such as "God will exalt those of you who believe and those who have knowledge to high degrees" (58:11), "O my Lord! Increase me in knowledge" (20:114), and "As God has taught him, so let him write" (2:282). Such verses provide a forceful stimulus for the Islamic community to strive for education and learning. It places great stress on seeking knowledge and education.

Generally speaking, one can't find the proper right path in this world, this is true in all times and places. Knowledge is very important for two reasons. Firstly, it makes the man a right thinker; no one can think properly without having a fair amount of education. It also helps man to take the right decision. Secondly, Knowledge is that only through gaining many levels of education, man is able to gain more information from the external world. In fact, Islam called upon seeking out knowledge on all the levels. The first word of the Qur`an, revealed by God to prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was read, which highlights the importance of science and learning. The prophet (PBUH) said: seeking knowledge is a compulsory on every Muslim.

The Importance of Education in Islam:

To seek knowledge is a sacred duty; it is obligatory on every Muslim, male and female. The first word revealed of the Qur?an was "Iqra" READ! Seek knowledge! Educate yourselves! Be educated. Surah Al-Zumr, ayah 9 reveals: "Are those equal, those who know and those who do not know?" Surah Al-Baqarah, ayah 269 reveals: "Allah grants wisdom to whom He pleases and to whom wisdom is granted indeed he receives an overflowing benefit."

Education in the context of Islam is regarded as a process that involves the complete person, including the rational, spiritual, and social dimensions. As noted by Syed Muhammad al-Naquib al-Attas in 1979, the comprehensive and integrated approach to education in Islam is directed toward the "balanced growth of the total personality…through training Man's spirit, intellect, rational self, feelings and bodily senses…such that faith is infused into the whole of his personality" (p. 158). In Islamic educational theory knowledge is gained in order to actualize and perfect all dimensions of the human being. From an Islamic perspective the highest and most useful model of perfection is the prophet Muhammad, and the goal of Islamic education is that people be able to live as he lived. To ascertain truth by reason alone is restrictive, according to Islam, because spiritual and temporal reality are two sides of the same sphere. Many Muslim educationists argue that favoring reason at the expense of spirituality interferes with balanced growth. Exclusive training of the intellect, for example, is inadequate in developing and refining elements of love, kindness, compassion, and selflessness, which have an altogether spiritual ambiance and can be engaged only by processes of spiritual training.

Education in Islam is twofold: acquiring intellectual knowledge (through the application of reason and logic) and developing spiritual knowledge (derived from divine revelation and spiritual experience). According to the worldview of Islam, provision in education must be made equally for both. Acquiring knowledge in Islam is not intended as an end but as a means to stimulate a more elevated moral and spiritual consciousness, leading to faith and righteous action.

The Holy Koran is no barren in this context. In Quran alone there are 704 verses in which either the word ilm or the words of the same derivation are used in the following order:- a'lam 49 times, al-ilm 80 times, a'lamu 11 times, alim 162 times, a'lim 13 times, ilman 14 times, i'lamu 27 times, ma'lum and ma'lumat 13 times, ya'lamun 85 times, ya'lamu 93 times, ta'lamun 56 times. Pen and books are essential aids of knowledge, and for them, the qalam occurs 2 times and al-kitab 230 times. In addition, a number of words related to writing, like kataba, katabna, kutiba, katib, yaktubu, naktubu are used in a number of verses. The total number of the Koranic verses using the words related to writing is 319, and the word kitab for the Koran is used on 81 different occasions. This is enough to show to what extent knowledge and the means of its acquisition are emphasized in the Quran that had been excellently elaborated in the precious sayings of Muhammad.

Practical Educational Principles in Islam:

1. Evaluation of Educational Materials:

 The content of education is evaluated in a way that assure avoiding extremism which may terminate in bodily harms, or even sometimes psychological abnormalities.

2. Encouraging the Sense of Self-respect:

 In Islamic education methods stimulate educator to develop a sense of self-respect. A teacher, therefore, should make his students aware of the facts around them. A teacher and educator should also consider students as trusts of God, entrusted to him/her in order to be taught the best material by the best method and to be trained in the best manner.

 3. Attentiveness toward freedom in action:

 Giving the attention to the role of “free choice” in the human motion toward perfection, instructions are given the opportunity for freedom in action, instead of pushing him/her into passivity.

4. Observing the principle of graduality:

 Considering graduality of human progress whethe atural or acquired into account, a teacher has to be aware about what the students’ age and natural/social factors necessitate. Accordingly, teacher has to try to elevate the instructed gradually and step by step, without expecting swift and sudden jumps.

 5. Flexibility:

 Since individual and group differ, the observation of flexibility is a must in both programming curriculum and its enforcement.

 6. Giving priority to what is more important:

 Educators play a significant role in growing young students and enhancing their potentialities. They have to take the expedience of each and every learner into account, as well as what is suitable for the whole of the Islamic society and the human society in general. Therefore, planners of curriculum and teachers should steer clear of programs and courses that waste time or record low compared to superior goals. Also, they have to pay more attention to the effective issues concerning with human eternal well-being and teach them more suitably.

 7. Natural and social knowledge:

 Islam pays more attention to students' age and mental requirements as well as society’s needs and possibilities before introducing natural, mathematical, and social sciences to a curriculum.

 The teachings of Islam encourage people to pursue knowledge; and hold people of knowledge in highly remarkable place.

Prophet Muhammad & his theories of Education:

Prophet Muhammad pattern of educational communication with his family, friends, followers and enemies enabled him to increase his support and to strengthen his position to deliver his message of Islam. Over twenty-three years of delivering the call of Allah (God in Arabic), Prophet Muhammad developed educational communication patterns to educate people to learn about Islam.

This research is to investigate Prophet Muhammad educational patterns of communicating with individuals and masses.

The Prophet Muhammad emphasized the importance of Education. In the annals of human history, we hardly get another man who laid that emphasis on Education as did Muhammad. As the Supreme Head of the first Islamic State, he decreed Education as incumbent on all people, male or female. Talk of compulsory education is not innovation of our modernists. Muhammad had declared it compulsory almost immediately after the establishment of the City State of Madeenah. It was in the very second year of the establishment of the Madeenistic Regime that his Law regarding Compulsory Education began to be implemented with all his vigour and force possible for a nascent state. And like a practical realist he also warns his people to save themselves from ‘knowledge which is of no use’. In other words, he asked you to separate the kernel from the husk and to distinguish the substance from the shadow. And pray, also look at the breath of the vision of this great Revolutionary. He orders to take the good from everywhere one gets it and further counsels that knowledge is the lost of wealth of a believer and commands to acquire it whatever its source. So long as the Muslims kept up this breadth of vision they were the torchbearers of light and learning and were considered the norm to judge the various grades of cultures and civilizations of the world.

The Prophet Muhammad declared equality and brotherhood of man. He was not content with just preaching it, but practised it. One of his closest companions was a former Negro slave, Bilaal; one of his trusted lieutenants was an Iranian called Salmaan; to name a third Suhayb of Rome. Each coming from different directions, of different languages, and of different heritage. But in their Teacher's company they were all companions, equal to each other without distinction. Color and country did not stand in the way of Muhammad's revolutionary and all embracing brotherhood

The prophet Muhammad reported that seeking knowledge has its principles and its stages; so whoever fails to acquire or seek knowledge based on these principles and on this gradation of seeking knowledge such will fail to acquire it. And this is an issue was emphasized hoping to drive this into the hearts of the students of knowledge and those who have knowledge, and that is to acquire knowledge piecemeal, bit by bit, over the passage of time. As was said by the famous scholar Ibn Shihab Az-Zuhri, "Whoever aims to acquire knowledge all at once, it will leave him all at once. Rather knowledge should be acquired over the passage of days and nights" Muhammad's interest in education can also be judged from the tradition as quoted by Ibn Sa'd in "Tabaqat" that among the Meccan prisoners taken in the battle of Badr, there were many who could not pay for their liberty; and the literate among them however were ordered by the Prophet to teach at least ten illiterate Muslim children as a ransom. Zaid bin Thabit, who later one became famous as one of the scribes of the Koranic revelations, learned reading and writing in this way. It is also worthwhile to mention that Muhammad encouraged the learning of foreign languages, and thus Zaid bin Thabit is also reputed to have learnt Persian, Greek, Ethiopian, Aramaic and Hebrew. According to H.E. Barnes in "A History of Historical Writings"(Oklahoma, 1937, p. 93), "In many ways the most advanced civilization of the Middle Ages was not a Christian culture at all, but rather the civilization of the people of the faith of Islam."

Prophet Muhammad's teachings are also given below:-

* Seek knowledge from the cradle to the grave.

* The ink of the scholar is more holy than the blood of martyr.

* The acquisition of knowledge is a duty incumbent on every Muslim, male and female.

* He does not die, who takes learning.

* The worst of men is a bad learned man, and a good learned man is the best.

* To listen to the words of the learned and to instil into the lessons of science is better than religious exercises.

* Acquire knowledge; it enables the possessor to distinguish right from wrong; it guides us to happiness; it sustains us in misery; it is an ornament among friends, and an armour against enemies.

* Excessive knowledge is better than excessive praying.

* Whoso honours the learned, honours me.

* One learned man is harder on the devil than a thousand ignorant worshippers.

* The superiority of a learned man over an ignorant worshipper is like that of the full moon over all the stars.

* People are like mines of gold and silver. The more excellent of them in Islam are those who attain knowledge.

* Knowledge is maintained only through teaching.

* The learned ones are the heirs of the prophets. They have knowledge as their inheritance; and he who inherits it, he inherits a great fortune.

* The only cure for ignorance is to ask.

* One scholar has more power over the devil than a thousand devout men.

Conclusion:

Islam is a religion based upon knowledge. The text of the Quran is replete with verses inviting man to use his intellect, to ponder, to think and to know, for the goal of human life is to discover the Truth which is none other than worshipping God in His Oneness. The Hadith literature is also full of references to the importance of knowledge. Such sayings of the Prophet as "Seek knowledge from the cradle to the grave", (Hadith) and "Verily the men of knowledge are the inheritors of the prophets". The Prophet used to teach the Sunnah to his companions in word and deed, and urged them to follow it, as he said in his hadeeth: “Adhere to my Sunnah” and “Whoever neglects my Sunnah does not belong to me.” ‘Abd-Allaah ibn Mas’ood narrated that the Prophet Muhammad said: “There is no Prophet whom Allaah sent to any nation before me, but he had disciples from among his nation, and companions who followed his Sunnah and obeyed his commands.” (Narrated by Muslim, no. 71.The Prophet Muhammad lived according to the Qur'an, he was the true spirit of the Qur'an. This was so that others would follow his example and because it is the way Allah has commanded man to behave. The goal was to make the companions of the Prophet and Believers adopt a way of life that was of a True Muslim. The Prophet did not only preach about importance of knowledge, he also gave examples of promoting knowledge. In the very first battle between the Muslims and unbelievers or Mecca, known as the war of Badr, the Muslims gain victory and caught seventy kuffars as prisoners of war. One of the criteria of releasing the POWs devised by the Prophet was that those who were literate among the pris­oners could go free if they teach ten Mus­lim children how to read and write. The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said: "If anyone travels on a road in search of knowledge, God will cause him to travel on one of the roads of Paradise. The angels will lower their wings in their great pleasure with one who seeks knowledge. The inhabitants of the heavens and the Earth and (even) the fish in the deep waters will ask forgiveness for the learned man. The superiority of the learned over the devout is like that of the moon, on the night when it is full, over the rest of the stars. The learned are the heirs of the Prophets, and the Prophets leave (no monetary inheritance), they leave only knowledge, and he who takes it takes an abundant portion.

 REFERENCES

ABDULLAH, ABDUL-RAHMAN SALIH. 1982. Educational Theory: A Qur'anic Outlook. Makkah, Saudi Arabia: Umm al-Qura University Press.

NASR, SEYYED HOSSEIN. 1984. "The Islamic Philosophers' Views on Education." Muslim Education Quarterly 2 (4):5–16.

SHALABY, AHMED. 1954. History of Muslim Education. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Kashaf.

TIBAWI, ABDUL LATIF. 1972. Islamic Education. London: Luzac.

*āĻšে āψāĻŽাāύāĻĻাāϰāĻ—āĻŖ! āϤোāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āϰোāϜা āĻĢāϰāϝ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে, āϝেāϰূāĻĒ āĻĢāϰāϜ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›িāϞ āϤোāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻŦāϰ্āϤী āϞোāĻ•āĻĻেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ, āϝেāύ āϤোāĻŽāϰা āĻĒāϰāĻšেāϝāĻ—াāϰী āĻ…āϰ্āϜāύ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰ।(āϏূāϰা āφāϞ āĻŦাāĻ•্āĻŦাāϰাāĻš - ā§§ā§Žā§Š)

*āĻšে āψāĻŽাāύāĻĻাāϰāĻ—āĻŖ! āϤোāĻŽāϰা āφāϞ্āϞাāĻšāĻ•ে āϭ⧟ āĻ•āϰো āĻāĻŦং āϏুāĻĻেāϰ āϝে āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻŦāĻ•ে⧟া āφāĻ›ে, āϤা āĻĒāϰিāϤ্āϝাāĻ— āĻ•āϰো, āϝāĻĻি āϤোāĻŽāϰা āψāĻŽাāύāĻĻাāϰ āĻšā§Ÿে āĻĨাāĻ•।(āϏূāϰা āφāϞ āĻŦাāĻ•্āĻŦাāϰাāĻš - ā§¨ā§­ā§Ž)

 -------------------------------------Bangla Translation------------------------------

āĻšāϝāϰāϤ āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ (āϏাঃ) āĻ“ āĻļিāĻ•্āώা

āĻ­ূāĻŽিāĻ•া:

āχāϏāϞাāĻŽ āĻļুāϰু āĻĨেāĻ•েāχ āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟি āωāϚ্āϚ āĻĒ্āϰিāĻŽিāϝ়াāĻŽ āϰেāĻ–েāĻ›িāϞ āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻĻীāϰ্āϘ āĻāĻŦং āϏāĻŽৃāĻĻ্āϧ āĻŦৌāĻĻ্āϧিāĻ• traditionāϤিāĻš্āϝ āωāĻĒāĻ­োāĻ— āĻ•āϰেāĻ›ে। āχāϏāϞাāĻŽেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϜ্āĻžাāύ ('āχāϞāĻŽ) āĻāĻ•āϟি āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ–āϝোāĻ—্āϝ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āύিāϝ়েāĻ›ে, āϝেāĻŽāύāϟি āχāϏāϞাāĻŽেāϰ āϏāϰ্āĻŦাāϧিāĻ• āϏāĻŽ্āĻŽাāύিāϤ āĻ—্āϰāύ্āĻĨ āĻ•োāϰাāύে āĻāϰ ā§Žā§Ļā§Ļ āϟিāϰāĻ“ āĻŦেāĻļি āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ– āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻĒ্āϰāĻŽাāĻŖিāϤ āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›ে। āĻ•ুāϰāφāύে āĻŦাāϰāĻŦাāϰ āφāĻĻেāĻļ āύিāώেāϧেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāϰ āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻ•ে āĻŦাāϰāĻŦাāϰ āϜোāϰ āĻĻেāĻ“āϝ়া āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›ে, āϝেāĻŽāύ "youāĻļ্āĻŦāϰ āϤোāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϝাāϰা believeāĻŽাāύ āĻāύেāĻ›েāύ āĻāĻŦং āϝাāϰা āωāϚ্āϚ āĻĄিāĻ—্āϰীāϤে āϜ্āĻžাāύ āϰাāĻ–েāύ āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āωāύ্āύীāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻŦেāύ" (ā§Ģā§Ž:ā§§ā§§), "āĻšে āφāĻŽাāϰ āϰāĻŦ! āφāĻŽাāĻ•ে āϜ্āĻžাāύে āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি āĻ•āϰুāύ" (20: 114), āĻāĻŦং "āϝেāĻŽāύ himāĻļ্āĻŦāϰ āϤাāĻ•ে āĻļিāĻ–িāϝ়েāĻ›েāύ, āϤাāχ āϏে āϞিāĻ–ুāĻ•" (2: 282)। āĻ āϜাāϤীāϝ় āφāϝ়াāϤ āχāϏāϞাāĻŽী āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāϝ়েāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻļিāĻ•্āώা āĻ“ āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻĒ্āϰāϝ়াāϏ āϜোāϰ āϜোāϰ āĻ•āϰে। āĻāϟি āϜ্āĻžাāύ āĻāĻŦং āĻļিāĻ•্āώা āύেāĻ“āϝ়াāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϚুāϰ āϚাāĻĒ āĻĻেāϝ়। āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻŦāϞāϤে āĻ—েāϞে, āĻāχ āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϤে āĻ•েāω āϏāĻ িāĻ• āϏāĻ িāĻ• āĻĒāĻĨ āĻ–ুঁāϜে āĻĒাāĻŦে āύা, āĻāϟি āϏāϰ্āĻŦāĻ•াāϞে āĻāĻŦং āϜাāϝ়āĻ—াāĻ—ুāϞিāϤে āϏāϤ্āϝ। āϜ্āĻžাāύ āĻĻুāϟি āĻ•াāϰāĻŖে āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ। āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽāϤ, āĻāϟি āĻŽাāύুāώāĻ•ে āĻāĻ•āϟি āϏāĻ িāĻ• āϚিāύ্āϤাāĻŦিāĻĻ āĻ•āϰে āϤোāϞে; āύ্āϝাāϝ্āϝ āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāĻŖে āĻĒāĻĄ়াāĻļোāύা āύা āĻ•āϰে āĻ•েāω āϏāĻ িāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦে āϚিāύ্āϤা āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰে āύা। āĻāϟি āĻŽাāύুāώāĻ•ে āϏāĻ িāĻ• āϏিāĻĻ্āϧাāύ্āϤ āύিāϤে āϏাāĻšাāϝ্āϝ āĻ•āϰে। āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤীāϝ়āϤ, āϜ্āĻžাāύ āĻš'āϞ āĻ•েāĻŦāϞāĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āĻŦāĻšু āϏ্āϤāϰেāϰ āĻļিāĻ•্āώা āĻ…āϰ্āϜāύেāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽেāχ āĻŽাāύুāώ āĻŦাāĻš্āϝিāĻ• āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āφāϰāĻ“ āϤāĻĨ্āϝ āĻ…āϰ্āϜāύ āĻ•āϰāϤে āϏāĻ•্āώāĻŽ āĻšāϝ়। āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•ৃāϤāĻĒāĻ•্āώে, āχāϏāϞাāĻŽ āϏāĻ•āϞ āϏ্āϤāϰেāϰ āϜ্āĻžাāύ āϏāύ্āϧাāύেāϰ āφāĻš্āĻŦাāύ āϜাāύিāϝ়েāĻ›ে। ProphetāĻļ্āĻŦāϰ āύāĻŦী āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ (āϏা।) - āĻāϰ āύিāĻ•āϟ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļিāϤ āĻ•ুāϰāφāύেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāϟি āĻĒāĻĄ়েāĻ›িāϞেāύ, āϝা āĻŦিāϜ্āĻžাāύ āĻ“ āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāϰ āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦ āϤুāϞে āϧāϰে। āύāĻŦী (āϏাঃ) āĻŦāϞেāĻ›েāύ: āϜ্āĻžাāύ āϏāύ্āϧাāύ āĻ•āϰা āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝেāĻ• āĻŽুāϏāϞāĻŽাāύেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻŦাāϧ্āϝāϤাāĻŽূāϞāĻ•।

āχāϏāϞাāĻŽে āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāϰ āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦ:

āϜ্āĻžাāύ āϏāύ্āϧাāύ āĻ•āϰা āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻĒāĻŦিāϤ্āϰ āĻ•āϰ্āϤāĻŦ্āϝ; āĻāϟি āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϟি āĻŽুāϏāϞিāĻŽ, āύāϰ-āύাāϰীāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻĢāϰāϝ। āĻ•ুāϰāφāύুāϞ āĻ•াāϰীāĻŽেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāϟি āύাāϝিāϞ āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›িāϞ "āχāĻ•āϰা" āĻĒāĻĄ়ুāύ! āϜ্āĻžাāύ āϏāύ্āϧাāύ āĻ•āϰুāύ! āύিāϜেāĻ•ে āĻļিāĻ•্āώিāϤ āĻ•āϰুāύ! āĻļিāĻ•্āώিāϤ āĻšāϤ্āϤ. āϏূāϰা āϜুāĻŽāϰ, āφāϝ়াāϤ 9 āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›ে: "āϝাāϰা āϏāĻŽাāύ, āϝাāϰা āϜাāύে āĻāĻŦং āϝাāϰা āϜাāύে āύা āϤাāϰা āĻ•ি āϏāĻŽাāύ?" āϏূāϰা āĻŦাāĻ•াāϰাāϰ ⧍ 26⧝ āύāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ āφāϝ়াāϤে āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļিāϤ āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›ে: "āφāϞ্āϞাāĻš āϝাāĻ•ে āχāϚ্āĻ›া āĻĒ্āϰāϜ্āĻžা āĻĻাāύ āĻ•āϰেāύ āĻāĻŦং āϝাāĻ•ে āϜ্āĻžাāύ āĻĻাāύ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ় āϏে āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ্āϝāχ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ­ূāϤ āωāĻĒāĻ•াāϰ āϞাāĻ­ āĻ•āϰে।"

āχāϏāϞাāĻŽেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāĻ•ে āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•্āϰিāϝ়া āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻŦিāĻŦেāϚāύা āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ় āϝাāϤে āϝুāĻ•্āϤিāϝুāĻ•্āϤ, āφāϧ্āϝাāϤ্āĻŽিāĻ• āĻāĻŦং āϏাāĻŽাāϜিāĻ• āĻŽাāϤ্āϰা āϏāĻš āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤি āϜāĻĄ়িāϤ। āϝেāĻŽāύ āϏৈāϝ়āĻĻ āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āφāϞ-āύাāĻ•িāĻŦ āφāϞ-āφāϤ্āϤাāϏ ⧧⧝ 1979⧝ āϏাāϞে āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ– āĻ•āϰেāĻ›েāύ, āχāϏāϞাāĻŽেāϰ āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻŦ্āϝাāĻĒāĻ• āĻ“ āϏংāĻšāϤ āĻĒāĻĻ্āϧāϤি "āĻŽোāϟ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤিāϤ্āĻŦেāϰ āϏুāώāĻŽ āĻŦিāĻ•াāĻļেāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻĒāϰিāϚাāϞিāϤ āĻšāϝ় ... āĻĒ্āϰāĻļিāĻ•্āώāĻŖেāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āϚেāϤāύা, āĻŦুāĻĻ্āϧি, āϝৌāĻ•্āϤিāĻ• āϏ্āĻŦ, āĻ…āύুāĻ­ূāϤি āĻāĻŦং āĻļাāϰীāϰিāĻ• āϏংāĻŦেāĻĻāύ… āϝেāĻŽāύ faithāĻŽাāύ āϤাঁāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻ—্āϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤিāϤ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻĒুāϰোāϟাāϤে āύিāĻŽāĻ—্āύ p "(āĻĒৃāώ্āĻ া 158)। āχāϏāϞাāĻŽী āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāĻŽূāϞāĻ• āϤāϤ্āϤ্āĻŦে āϜ্āĻžাāύ āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻŽাāϤ্āϰা āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦাāϝ়āύ āĻāĻŦং āύিāĻ–ুঁāϤ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻ…āϰ্āϜāύ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ়। āχāϏāϞাāĻŽী āĻĻৃāώ্āϟিāĻ•োāĻŖ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻĒāϰিāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖāϤাāϰ āϏāϰ্āĻŦোāϚ্āϚ āĻ“ āĻ•াāϰ্āϝāĻ•āϰ āĻŽāĻĄেāϞ āĻšāϞেāύ āύāĻŦী āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ, āĻāĻŦং āχāϏāϞাāĻŽী āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāϰ āϞāĻ•্āώ্āϝ āĻš'āϞ āϞোāĻ•েāϰা āϤাঁāϰ āϜীāĻŦāύ āϝাāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒেāϰেāĻ›িāϞ। āχāϏāϞাāĻŽেāϰ āĻŽāϤে āĻāĻ•াāχ āϝুāĻ•্āϤি āĻĻিāϝ়ে āϏāϤ্āϝ āύিāϰ্āϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰা āϏীāĻŽাāĻŦāĻĻ্āϧ, āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āφāϧ্āϝাāϤ্āĻŽিāĻ• āĻ“ āϏাāĻŽāϝ়িāĻ• āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦāϤা āĻāĻ•āχ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰেāϰ āĻĻুāϟি āĻĻিāĻ•। āĻ…āύেāĻ• āĻŽুāϏāϞিāĻŽ āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāĻŦিāĻĻ āϝুāĻ•্āϤি āĻĻিāϝ়েāĻ›িāϞেāύ āϝে āφāϧ্āϝাāϤ্āĻŽিāĻ•āϤাāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāϝ়āĻ•ে āϝুāĻ•্āϤিāϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻĒāĻ•্āώে āϏāĻŽāϰ্āĻĨāύ āĻ•āϰা āϏুāώāĻŽ āĻŦিāĻ•াāĻļে āĻšāϏ্āϤāĻ•্āώেāĻĒ āĻ•āϰে। āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏ্āĻŦāϰূāĻĒ, āĻŦুāĻĻ্āϧিāϰ āĻāĻ•āϚেāϟিāϝ়া āĻĒ্āϰāĻļিāĻ•্āώāĻŖ āĻĒ্āϰেāĻŽ, āĻĻāϝ়া, āĻ•āϰুāĻŖা āĻāĻŦং āύিঃāϏ্āĻŦাāϰ্āĻĨāϤাāϰ āωāĻĒাāĻĻাāύāĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āĻŦিāĻ•াāĻļ āĻāĻŦং āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāϰ্āϜāύে āĻ…āĻĒāϰ্āϝাāĻĒ্āϤ, āϝা āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖāϰূāĻĒে āφāϧ্āϝাāϤ্āĻŽিāĻ• āϏāĻ–্āϝāϤা āϰাāĻ–ে āĻāĻŦং āĻ•েāĻŦāϞ āφāϧ্āϝাāϤ্āĻŽিāĻ• āĻĒ্āϰāĻļিāĻ•্āώāĻŖেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•্āϰিāϝ়া āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āύিāϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে।

āχāϏāϞাāĻŽে āĻļিāĻ•্āώা āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻ—ুāĻŖ: āĻŦৌāĻĻ্āϧিāĻ• āϜ্āĻžাāύ āĻ…āϰ্āϜāύ (āϝুāĻ•্āϤি āĻ“ āϝুāĻ•্āϤিāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϝ়োāĻ—েāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে) āĻāĻŦং āφāϧ্āϝাāϤ্āĻŽিāĻ• āϜ্āĻžাāύ āĻŦিāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰা (divineāĻļিāĻ• āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻāĻŦং āφāϧ্āϝাāϤ্āĻŽিāĻ• āĻ…āĻ­িāϜ্āĻžāϤা āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĒ্āϤ)। āχāϏāϞাāĻŽেāϰ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦāĻĻāϰ্āĻļāύ āĻ…āύুāϏাāϰে āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāϰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āωāĻ­āϝ়েāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āϏāĻŽাāύ āĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে। āχāϏāϞাāĻŽে āϜ্āĻžাāύ āĻ…āϰ্āϜāύেāϰ āωāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ āĻļেāώ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āύāϝ় āĻŦāϰং āφāϰāĻ“ āωāύ্āύāϤ āύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻ“ āφāϧ্āϝাāϤ্āĻŽিāĻ• āϚেāϤāύাāĻ•ে āωāĻĻ্āĻĻীāĻĒিāϤ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āωāĻĒাāϝ় āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে faithāĻŽাāύ āĻāĻŦং āϧাāϰ্āĻŽিāĻ• āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽেāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻĒāϰিāϚাāϞিāϤ āĻ•āϰে।

āĻĒāĻŦিāϤ্āϰ āĻ•োāϰāφāύ āĻ āĻĒ্āϰāϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻ•োāύāĻ“ āĻŦāύ্āϧ্āϝা āύāϝ়। āĻāĻ•āĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āĻ•ুāϰāφāύে 4ā§Ļā§Ē āϟি āφāϝ়াāϤ āϰāϝ়েāĻ›ে āϝাāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āχāϞāĻŽ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āĻŦা āĻāĻ•āχ āωāϤ্āϏেāϰ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻ—ুāϞি āύিāĻŽ্āύāϞিāĻ–িāϤ āĻ•্āϰāĻŽে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›ে: - 49 āĻŦাāϰ, āφāϞ-āχāϞāĻŽ 80 āĻŦাāϰ, āφāϞ্āϞাāĻŽু 11 āĻŦাāϰ, āφāϞিāĻŽ 162 āĻŦাāϰ, āφ'āϞিāĻŽ ā§§ā§Š āĻŦাāϰ, āχāϞāĻŽাāύ ā§§ā§Ē āĻŦাāϰ, āχāϞাāĻŽু ⧍, āĻŦাāϰ, āĻŽāϞ্āϞুāĻŽ āĻ“ āĻŽাāϞুāĻŽাāϤ ā§§ā§Š āĻŦাāϰ, āχāϝ়াāϞাāĻŽুāύ ā§Žā§Ģ āĻŦাāϰ, āχāϞāĻŽু ā§¯ā§Š āĻŦাāϰ, āϤেāϞাāĻŽুāύ ā§Ģ times āĻŦাāϰ। āĻ•āϞāĻŽ āĻāĻŦং āĻŦāχ āϜ্āĻžাāύেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϝ়োāϜāύীāϝ় āϏāĻšাāϝ়āĻ•, āĻāĻŦং āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻ•্āĻŦাāϞাāĻŽ 2 āĻŦাāϰ āĻāĻŦং āφāϞ-āĻ•িāϤাāĻŦ 230 āĻŦাāϰ āφāϏে। āĻāĻ›াāĻĄ়াāĻ“ āϞেāĻ–াāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•িāϤ āĻŦেāĻļ āĻ•āϝ়েāĻ•āϟি āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āϝেāĻŽāύ āĻ•াāϟাāĻŦা, āĻ•াāϤাāĻŦāύা, āĻ•ুāϤিāĻŦা, āĻ•াāϤিāĻŦ, āχāϝ়াāĻ•āϤāĻŦু, āύāĻ•্āϤুāĻŦু āĻŦেāĻļ āĻ•āϝ়েāĻ•āϟি āĻļ্āϞোāĻ•ে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়। āϞেāĻ–াāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•িāϤ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻ—ুāϞি āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰে āĻ•োāϰাāύীāϝ় āφāϝ়াāϤāĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āĻŽোāϟ āϏংāĻ–্āϝা 319 āϟি āĻāĻŦং āĻ•োāϰাāύেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻ•িāϤাāĻŦ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāϟি 81 āϟি āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āωāĻĒāϞāĻ•্āώে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›ে। āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽূāϞ্āϝāĻŦাāύ āωāĻ•্āϤিāĻ—ুāϞিāϤে āĻ•ুāϰāφāύে āϜ্āĻžাāύ āĻāĻŦং āĻāϰ āĻ…āϧিāĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖেāϰ āϝে āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāĻŖāĻ—ুāϞি āϜোāϰ āĻĻেāĻ“āϝ়া āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›ে āϤা āĻĒ্āϰāĻŽাāĻŖ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻāϟি āϝāĻĨেāώ্āϟ।

āχāϏāϞাāĻŽে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰিāĻ• āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāĻŽূāϞāĻ• āύীāϤিāϏāĻŽূāĻš:

āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāĻ—āϤ āωāĻĒাāĻĻাāύেāϰ āĻŽূāϞ্āϝাāϝ়āύ:

 āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāϰ āĻŦিāώāϝ়āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻāĻŽāύāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻŽূāϞ্āϝাāϝ়āύ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ় āϝা āϚāϰāĻŽāĻĒāύ্āĻĨা āĻāĻĄ়াāύো āφāĻļ্āĻŦাāϏ āĻĻেāϝ় āϝা āĻļাāϰীāϰিāĻ• āĻ•্āώāϝ়āĻ•্āώāϤিāϤে āĻŦা āĻāĻŽāύāĻ•ি āĻ•āĻ–āύāĻ“ āĻ•āĻ–āύāĻ“ āĻŽাāύāϏিāĻ• āĻ…āϏ্āĻŦাāĻ­াāĻŦিāĻ•āϤাāĻ—ুāϞিāϤেāĻ“ āĻ…āĻŦāϏাāύ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে।

⧍. āφāϤ্āĻŽ-āϏāĻŽ্āĻŽাāύেāϰ āĻ…āύুāĻ­ূāϤি āωāϤ্āϏাāĻšিāϤ āĻ•āϰা:

 āχāϏāϞাāĻŽী āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāϰ āĻĒāĻĻ্āϧāϤিāϤে āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāĻŦিāĻĻāĻ•ে āφāϤ্āĻŽ-āϏāĻŽ্āĻŽাāύেāϰ āĻŦোāϧ āϤৈāϰি āĻ•āϰāϤে āωāĻĻ্āĻŦুāĻĻ্āϧ āĻ•āϰে। āϏুāϤāϰাং āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻļিāĻ•্āώāĻ•েāϰ āωāϚিāϤ āϤাāϰ āĻ›াāϤ্āϰāĻĻেāϰ āϚাāϰāĻĒাāĻļেāϰ āϘāϟāύা āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āϏāϚেāϤāύ āĻ•āϰা। āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻļিāĻ•্āώāĻ• āĻāĻŦং āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāĻŦিāĻĻāĻ•েāĻ“ āϏāϰ্āĻŦোāϤ্āϤāĻŽ āĻĒāĻĻ্āϧāϤিāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āϏāϰ্āĻŦোāϤ্āϤāĻŽ āωāĻĒাāĻĻাāύ āĻļেāĻ–াāύোāϰ āĻāĻŦং āϏāϰ্āĻŦোāϤ্āϤāĻŽ āĻĒāĻĻ্āϧāϤিāϤে āĻĒ্āϰāĻļিāĻ•্āώāĻŖ āĻĻেāĻ“āϝ়াāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāϰ্āĻĨীāĻĻেāϰ GodāĻļ্āĻŦāϰেāϰ āϟ্āϰাāϏ্āϟ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻŦিāĻŦেāϚāύা āĻ•āϰা āωāϚিāϤ।

 ā§Š. āĻ•াāϰ্āϝāϤ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤাāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻŽāύোāϝোāĻ— āĻĻিāύ:

 āĻĒāϰিāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖāϤাāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻŽাāύāĻŦ āĻ—āϤিāϤে "āĻ…āĻŦাāϧ āĻĒāĻ›āύ্āĻĻ" āĻāϰ āĻ­ূāĻŽিāĻ•াāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻŽāύোāύিāĻŦেāĻļ āĻ•āϰা, āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļাāĻŦāϞী āϤাāĻ•ে / āϤাāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϝাāϏিāĻ­িāϟিāϤে āĻ েāϞে āύা āĻĻিāϝ়ে āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽে āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤাāϰ āϏুāϝোāĻ— āĻĻেāĻ“āϝ়া āĻšāϝ়।

ā§Ē. āϧীāϰে āϧীāϰে āύীāϤি āĻĒāϰ্āϝāĻŦেāĻ•্āώāĻŖ:

 āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āĻ…āĻ—্āϰāĻ—āϤিāϰ āϧীāϰে āϧীāϰে āĻŦিāĻŦেāϚāύা āĻ•āϰে āϝা atura āĻŦা āĻ…্āϝাāĻ•াāωāύ্āϟে āĻ…āϰ্āϜিāϤ āĻšāϝ়, āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻļিāĻ•্āώāĻ•āĻ•ে āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāϰ্āĻĨীāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦāϝ়āϏ āĻāĻŦং āĻĒ্āϰাāĻ•ৃāϤিāĻ• / āϏাāĻŽাāϜিāĻ• āĻ•াāϰāĻŖāĻ—ুāϞি āĻ•ী āĻĒ্āϰāϝ়োāϜāύ āϤা āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āϏāϚেāϤāύ āĻšāϤে āĻšāĻŦে। āϤāĻĻāύুāϏাāϰে, āĻļিāĻ•্āώāĻ•āĻ•ে āĻĻ্āϰুāϤ āĻāĻŦং āφāĻ•āϏ্āĻŽিāĻ• āϞাāĻĢেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝাāĻļা āύা āĻ•āϰে āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāĻ•ে āϧীāϰে āϧীāϰে āĻāĻŦং āϧাāĻĒে āϧাāĻĒে āωāύ্āύীāϤ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϚেāώ্āϟা āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে।

5. āύāĻŽāύীāϝ়āϤা:

 āϝেāĻšেāϤু āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤি āĻ“ āĻ—োāώ্āĻ ী āĻĒৃāĻĨāĻ•, āϤাāχ āĻĒ্āϰোāĻ—্āϰাāĻŽিং āĻĒাāĻ ্āϝāĻ•্āϰāĻŽ āĻāĻŦং āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϝ়োāĻ—āĻ•াāϰী āωāĻ­āϝ় āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āύāĻŽāύীāϝ়āϤাāϰ āĻĒāϰ্āϝāĻŦেāĻ•্āώāĻŖ āϜāϰুāϰি।

 What. āĻŦেāĻļি āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻŦিāώāϝ়āϟিāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰাāϧাāύ্āϝ āĻĻেāĻ“āϝ়া:

 āĻĒ্āϰāĻļিāĻ•্āώāĻŖাāϰ্āĻĨীāϰা āĻ…āϞ্āĻĒ āĻŦāϝ়āϏ্āĻ• āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāϰ্āĻĨীāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি āĻāĻŦং āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­াāĻŦāύা āĻŦাāĻĄ়াāϤে āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻ­ূāĻŽিāĻ•া āĻĒাāϞāύ āĻ•āϰে। āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϟি āĻāĻŦং āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϟি āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāύāĻŦিāĻļেāϰ āĻ…āĻ­িāϜ্āĻžāϤা āĻŦিāĻŦেāϚāύা āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে, āĻĒাāĻļাāĻĒাāĻļি āϏāĻŽāĻ—্āϰ āχāϏāϞাāĻŽী āϏāĻŽাāϜ āĻāĻŦং āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻŽাāύāĻŦ āϏāĻŽাāϜেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āωāĻĒāϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•ি āϤা āĻŦিāĻŦেāϚāύা āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে। āĻ…āϤāĻāĻŦ, āĻĒাāĻ ্āϝāĻ•্āϰāĻŽেāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻ•āϞ্āĻĒāύাāĻ•াāϰী āĻāĻŦং āĻļিāĻ•্āώāĻ•āĻĻেāϰ āωāϚ্āϚāϤāϰ āϞāĻ•্āώ্āϝāĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āϤুāϞāύাāϝ় āϏāĻŽāϝ় āύāώ্āϟ āĻ•āϰা āĻŦা āĻ•āĻŽ āϰেāĻ•āϰ্āĻĄ āĻ•āϰা āĻĒ্āϰোāĻ—্āϰাāĻŽ āĻāĻŦং āĻ•োāϰ্āϏāĻ—ুāϞিāĻ•ে āĻĒāϰিāώ্āĻ•াāϰ āĻ•āϰা āωāϚিāϤ। āĻāĻ›াāĻĄ়াāĻ“, āϤাāĻĻেāϰāĻ•ে āϚিāϰāύ্āϤāύ āϏুāϏ্āĻĨāϤাāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•িāϤ āĻ•াāϰ্āϝāĻ•āϰ āχāϏ্āϝুāĻ—ুāϞিāϤে āφāϰāĻ“ āĻŽāύোāϝোāĻ— āĻĻিāϤে āĻšāĻŦে āĻāĻŦং āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āφāϰāĻ“ āωāĻĒāϝুāĻ•্āϤāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻļেāĻ–াāϤে āĻšāĻŦে।

 Natural. āĻĒ্āϰাāĻ•ৃāϤিāĻ• āĻ“ āϏাāĻŽাāϜিāĻ• āϜ্āĻžাāύ:

 āχāϏāϞাāĻŽ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻ•ৃāϤিāĻ•, āĻ—াāĻŖিāϤিāĻ• āĻāĻŦং āϏাāĻŽাāϜিāĻ• āĻŦিāϜ্āĻžাāύāĻ•ে āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻĒাāĻ ্āϝāĻ•্āϰāĻŽেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻĒāϰিāϚāϝ় āĻ•āϰাāύোāϰ āφāĻ—ে āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāϰ্āĻĨীāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦāϝ়āϏ āĻāĻŦং āĻŽাāύāϏিāĻ• āĻĒ্āϰāϝ়োāϜāύীāϝ়āϤাāϰ āĻĒাāĻļাāĻĒাāĻļি āϏāĻŽাāϜেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϝ়োāϜāύীāϝ়āϤা āĻāĻŦং āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­াāĻŦāύাāĻ—ুāϞিāϤে āφāϰāĻ“ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻŽāύোāϝোāĻ— āĻĻেāϝ়।

 āχāϏāϞাāĻŽেāϰ āĻļিāĻ•্āώা āĻŽাāύুāώāĻ•ে āϜ্āĻžাāύ āĻ…āϰ্āϜāύে āωāϤ্āϏাāĻšিāϤ āĻ•āϰে; āĻāĻŦং āϜ্āĻžাāύেāϰ āϞোāĻ•āĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āϤ্āϝāύ্āϤ āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ–āϝোāĻ—্āϝ āϏ্āĻĨাāύে āϧāϰে āϰাāĻ–ুāύ।

āύāĻŦী āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āĻāĻŦং āϤাঁāϰ āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāϰ āϤāϤ্āϤ্āĻŦāϏāĻŽূāĻš:

āϤাঁāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰ, āĻŦāύ্āϧুāĻŦাāύ্āϧāĻŦ, āĻ…āύুāϏাāϰী āĻāĻŦং āĻļāϤ্āϰুāĻĻেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āύāĻŦী āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āĻŦিāύোāĻĻāύেāϰ āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāĻŽূāϞāĻ• āϝোāĻ—াāϝোāĻ—েāϰ āĻĢāϞে āϤিāύি āϤাঁāϰ āϏāĻŽāϰ্āĻĨāύ āĻŦাāĻĄ়াāϤে āĻāĻŦং āϤাঁāϰ āχāϏāϞাāĻŽেāϰ āĻŦাāĻŖী āĻĒৌঁāĻ›ে āĻĻেāĻ“āϝ়াāϰ āĻĒāĻ•্āώে āϤাঁāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύāĻ•ে āĻļāĻ•্āϤিāĻļাāϞী āĻ•āϰāϤে āϏāĻ•্āώāĻŽ āĻšāύ। āφāϞ্āϞাāĻšāϰ āĻĻাāĻ“āϝ়াāϤ āĻĻেāĻ“āϝ়াāϰ āϤেāχāĻļ āĻŦāĻ›āϰেāϰāĻ“ āĻŦেāĻļি āϏāĻŽāϝ় āϧāϰে (āφāϰāĻŦী āĻ­াāώাāϝ় GodāĻļ্āĻŦāϰ), āύāĻŦী āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āϞোāĻ•āĻĻেāϰāĻ•ে āχāϏāϞাāĻŽ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āĻļেāĻ–াāϤে āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāĻŽূāϞāĻ• āϝোāĻ—াāϝোāĻ—েāϰ āϧāϰāĻŖ āĻ—āĻĄ়ে āϤুāϞেāĻ›িāϞ।

āĻāχ āĻ—āĻŦেāώāĻŖাāϟি āĻšāϝāϰāϤ āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āϏা। āĻ“ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤি āĻ“ āϜāύāĻ—āĻŖেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϝোāĻ—াāϝোāĻ—েāϰ āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāĻŽূāϞāĻ• āύিāĻĻāϰ্āĻļāύāĻ—ুāϞি āĻ…āύুāϏāύ্āϧাāύ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ investigate

āĻšāϝāϰāϤ āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāϰ āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻ•ে āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦ āĻĻিāϝ়েāĻ›িāϞেāύ। āĻŽাāύāĻŦ āχāϤিāĻšাāϏেāϰ āχāϤিāĻšাāϏে, āφāĻŽāϰা āφāϰ āĻāĻ•āϜāύāĻ•েāχ āĻ–ুāĻŦ āĻ•āĻŽāχ āĻĒেāϞাāĻŽ āϝিāύি āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āϏেāχ āĻŽুāĻšুāϰ্āϤেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦাāϰোāĻĒ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›িāϞেāύ। āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āχāϏāϞাāĻŽী āϰাāώ্āϟ্āϰেāϰ āϏāϰ্āĻŦোāϚ্āϚ āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āϤিāύি āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāĻ•ে āĻĒুāϰুāώ āĻŦা āĻŽāĻšিāϞা āϏāĻ•āϞেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻĻাāϝ়āĻŦāĻĻ্āϧ āĻŦāϞে āϘোāώāĻŖা āĻ•āϰেāĻ›িāϞেāύ। āĻŦাāϧ্āϝāϤাāĻŽূāϞāĻ• āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāϞা āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āφāϧুāύিāĻ•āϤাāĻŦাāĻĻীāĻĻেāϰ āωāĻĻ্āĻ­াāĻŦāύ āύāϝ়। āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āĻŽāĻĻীāύা āϏিāϟি āϏ্āϟেāϟ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāϝ় āĻ…āĻŦিāϞāĻŽ্āĻŦে āĻāϟি āĻŦাāϧ্āϝāϤাāĻŽূāϞāĻ• āϘোāώāĻŖা āĻ•āϰেāĻ›িāϞেāύ। āĻŽেāĻĄেāύিāϏ্āϟিāĻ• āϰেāϜিāĻŽ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāϰ āĻāĻ•েāĻŦাāϰে āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤীāϝ় āĻŦāĻ›āϰেāχ āĻŦাāϧ্āϝāϤাāĻŽূāϞāĻ• āĻļিāĻ•্āώা āϏংāĻ•্āϰাāύ্āϤ āϤাঁāϰ āφāχāύāϟি āϤাāϰ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āϜোāϰ āĻĻিāϝ়ে āĻāĻŦং āύāĻŦāϜাāϤāĻ• āϰাāώ্āϟ্āϰেāϰ āĻĒāĻ•্āώে āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ āĻļāĻ•্āϤি āĻĒ্āϰāϝ়োāĻ— āĻ•āϰে āĻ•াāϰ্āϝāĻ•āϰ āĻ•āϰা āĻļুāϰু āĻ•āϰে। āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦ āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦāĻŦাāĻĻীāϰ āĻŽāϤো āϤিāύি āϤাঁāϰ āϞোāĻ•āĻĻেāϰ āϤাāĻĻেāϰāĻ•ে ‘āϜ্āĻžাāύ āϝা āĻ•োāύāĻ“ āĻ•াāϜে āφāϏে āύা’ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŦাঁāϚাāύোāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āϏāϤāϰ্āĻ• āĻ•āϰেāĻ›িāϞেāύ। āĻ…āύ্āϝ āĻ•āĻĨাāϝ়, āϤিāύি āφāĻĒāύাāĻ•ে āĻ•ুঁāϚি āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻ•াāϰ্āύেāϞāϟি āĻĒৃāĻĨāĻ• āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻāĻŦং āĻĒāĻĻাāϰ্āĻĨāĻ•ে āĻ›াāϝ়া āĻĨেāĻ•ে āφāϞাāĻĻা āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻŦāϞেāĻ›িāϞেāύ। āĻāĻŦং āĻĒ্āϰাāϰ্āĻĨāύা āĻ•āϰুāύ, āĻāχ āĻŽāĻšাāύ āĻŦিāĻĒ্āϞāĻŦীāϰ āĻĻৃāώ্āϟিāϰ āύিঃāĻļ্āĻŦাāϏ āϤাāĻ•াāĻ“। āϤিāύি āϝেāĻĻিāĻ•েāχ āϤা āĻĒেāϝ়ে āϝাāĻŦেāύ āϏেāĻ–াāύ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϏāĻĻ্āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻĻেāύ āĻāĻŦং āφāϰāĻ“ āĻĒāϰাāĻŽāϰ্āĻļ āĻĻেāύ āϝে āϜ্āĻžাāύ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻŽুāĻŽিāύেāϰ āϧāύ-āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ āύāώ্āϟ āĻšāϝ় āĻāĻŦং āĻāϰ āωāϤ্āϏ āϝা āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻšোāĻ• āϤা āĻ…āϰ্āϜāύ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āφāĻĻেāĻļ āĻĻেāϝ়। āϝāϤāĻ•্āώāĻŖ āĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ āĻŽুāϏāϞāĻŽাāύāϰা āĻāχ āĻĻৃāώ্āϟিāĻļāĻ•্āϤিāϟিāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϏাāϰ āĻ…āĻŦ্āϝাāĻšāϤ āϰেāĻ–েāĻ›িāϞ āϤāϤāĻ•্āώāĻŖে āϤাāϰা āφāϞোāĻ• āĻ“ āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāϰ āĻŽāĻļাāϞাāĻĻাāϰ āĻ›িāϞ āĻāĻŦং āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āϏংāϏ্āĻ•ৃāϤি āĻ“ āϏāĻ­্āϝāϤাāϰ āĻŦিāϚাāϰেāϰ āφāĻĻāϰ্āĻļ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻŦিāĻŦেāϚিāϤ āĻšāϤ।

āύāĻŦী āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āϏাāĻŽ্āϝ āĻ“ āĻ­্āϰাāϤৃāϤ্āĻŦ āϘোāώāĻŖা āĻ•āϰেāĻ›িāϞেāύ। āϤিāύি āĻ•েāĻŦāϞ āĻāϟি āĻĒ্āϰāϚাāϰে āϏāύ্āϤুāώ্āϟ āĻ›িāϞেāύ āύা, āϤāĻŦে āĻāϟি āĻ…āύুāĻļীāϞāύ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›িāϞেāύ। āϤাঁāϰ āύিāĻ•āϟāϤāĻŽ āϏāĻšāϚāϰāĻĻেāϰ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻ›িāϞেāύ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻ•্āϤāύ āύিāĻ—্āϰো āĻ•্āϰীāϤāĻĻাāϏ, āĻŦিāϞাāϞ; āϤাঁāϰ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦāϏ্āϤ āϞেāĻĢāϟেāύ্āϝাāύ্āϟāĻĻেāϰ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻ›িāϞেāύ āϏাāϞāĻŽাāύ āύাāĻŽে āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āχāϰাāύী; āϰোāĻŽেāϰ āϤৃāϤীāϝ় āϏুāĻšাāϝ়āĻŦেāϰ āύাāĻŽāĻ•āϰāĻŖ āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝেāĻ•ে āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻĻিāĻ•, āĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻ­াāώা āĻāĻŦং āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ heritageāϤিāĻš্āϝেāϰ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āφāϏে। āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻļিāĻ•্āώāĻ•েāϰ āϏংāĻ—ে āϤাāϰা āϏāĻ•āϞেāχ āϏাāĻšাāĻŦী āĻ›িāϞ, āĻŦিāύা āĻĒাāϰ্āĻĨāĻ•্āϝেāχ āĻāĻ•ে āĻ…āĻĒāϰেāϰ āϏāĻŽাāύ। āϰāĻ™ āĻ“ āĻĻেāĻļ āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦিāĻĒ্āϞāĻŦী āĻāĻŦং āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻ­্āϰাāϤৃāϤ্āĻŦāĻŦোāϧāĻ•ে āĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āĻĒāĻĨে āĻĻাঁāĻĄ়াāϝ় āύি

āύāĻŦী āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāύা āĻ•āϰেāĻ›েāύ āϝে āϜ্āĻžাāύ āĻ…āύ্āĻŦেāώāĻŖেāϰ āĻāϰ āύীāϤি āĻ“ āϏ্āϤāϰ āϰāϝ়েāĻ›ে; āϏুāϤāϰাং āϝে āĻ•েāω āĻāχ āύীāϤিāĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āĻ­িāϤ্āϤিāϤে āĻāĻŦং āĻāχ āϜাāϤীāϝ় āϜ্āĻžাāύেāϰ āϏāύ্āϧাāύেāϰ āĻ­িāϤ্āϤিāϤে āϜ্āĻžাāύ āĻ…āϰ্āϜāύ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻŦা āĻ…āύুāϏāύ্āϧাāύ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻŦ্āϝāϰ্āĻĨ āĻšāϝ় āϏে āĻāϟি āĻ…āϰ্āϜāύ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻŦ্āϝāϰ্āĻĨ āĻšāϝ়। āĻāĻŦং āĻāϟি āχāϏ্āϝুāϟি āϜ্āĻžাāύেāϰ āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāϰ্āĻĨীāĻĻেāϰ āĻāĻŦং āϝাāĻĻেāϰ āϜ্āĻžাāύ āϰāϝ়েāĻ›ে āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āύ্āϤāϰে āĻāϟিāĻ•ে āϚাāϞিāϤ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āφāĻļাāϝ় āϜোāϰ āĻĻেāĻ“āϝ়া āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›িāϞ āĻāĻŦং āĻāϟি āϏāĻŽāϝ়েāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϏাāĻĨে āĻĒāϰ্āϝাāϝ়āĻ•্āϰāĻŽে āϜ্āĻžাāύāĻ•ে āϟুāĻ•āϰো āϟুāĻ•āϰো āĻ•āϰে āĻ…āϰ্āϜāύ āĻ•āϰা। āϝেāĻŽāύāϟি āĻŦিāĻ–্āϝাāϤ āφāϞেāĻŽ āχāĻŦāύে āĻļিāĻšাāĻŦ āφāϝ-āϜুāĻšāϰি āĻŦāϞেāĻ›িāϞেāύ, "āϝে āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤি āĻāĻ•āĻŦাāϰে āϜ্āĻžাāύ āĻ…āϰ্āϜāύেāϰ āϞāĻ•্āώ্āϝ āϰাāĻ–ে, āϏে āϤাāĻ•ে āĻāĻ•āϏাāĻĨে āĻ›েāĻĄ়ে āĻĻেāĻŦে। āĻŦāϰং āĻĻিāύ āĻāĻŦং āϰাāϤ āĻĒেāϰিāϝ়ে āϜ্āĻžাāύ āĻ…āϰ্āϜāύ āĻ•āϰা āωāϚিāϤ" āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻেāϰ āφāĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻ“ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে "āϤাāĻŦāĻ•াāϤ" -āϤে āχāĻŦāύে āϏা'āĻĻেāϰ āωāĻĻ্āϧৃāϤি āĻ…āύুāϏাāϰে theāϤিāĻš্āϝ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŦিāϚাāϰ āĻ•āϰুāύ āϝে āĻŦāĻĻāϰেāϰ āϝুāĻĻ্āϧে āĻŽāĻ•্āĻ•া āĻŦāύ্āĻĻীāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻ…āύেāĻ•েāχ āĻ›িāϞেāύ āϝাāϰা āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻĻিāϤে āĻĒাāϰেāύāύি; āφāϰ āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϏাāĻ•্āώāϰāĻĻেāϰ āύāĻŦী āĻ•āĻŽāĻĒāĻ•্āώে āĻĻāĻļ āϜāύ āύিāϰāĻ•্āώāϰ āĻŽুāϏāϞিāĻŽ āĻļিāĻļুāĻ•ে āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤিāĻĒāĻŖ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻĒāĻĄ়াāύোāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻĻিāϝ়েāĻ›িāϞেāύ। āϜাāϝ়েāĻĻ āĻŦিāύ āĻĨাāĻŦিāϤ, āϝিāύি āĻĒāϰে āĻ•োāϰাāύীāϝ় āĻ…āĻŦāϤাāϰāĻŖাāϰ āĻ…āύ্āϝāϤāĻŽ āϞেāĻ–āĻ• āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻ–্āϝাāϤি āĻ…āϰ্āϜāύ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›িāϞেāύ, āϤিāύি āĻāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻĒāĻĄ়āϤে āĻāĻŦং āϞিāĻ–āϤে āĻļিāĻ–েāĻ›িāϞেāύ। āĻāϟাāĻ“ āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ–āϝোāĻ—্āϝ āϝে, āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āĻŦিāĻĻেāĻļী āĻ­াāώা āĻļেāĻ–াāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āωāϤ্āϏাāĻšিāϤ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›িāϞেāύ āĻāĻŦং āϤাāχ āϜাāϝ়েāĻĻ āĻŦিāύ āĻĨাāĻŦিāϤ āĻĒাāϰāϏ্āϝ, āĻ—্āϰীāĻ•, āχāĻĨিāĻ“āĻĒীāϝ়, āφāϰাāĻŽাāχāĻ• āĻāĻŦং āĻšিāĻŦ্āϰু āĻ­াāώাāĻ“ āĻļিāĻ–āϤেāύ āĻŦāϞে āĻ–্āϝাāϤিāĻŽাāύ āĻšāϝ়। āĻāχāϚ.āχ. "HistoryāϤিāĻšাāϏিāĻ• āϞেāĻ–াāϰ āχāϤিāĻšাāϏেāϰ āĻŦাāϰ্āύে" āĻŦাāϰ্āύāϏ (āĻ“āĻ•āϞাāĻšোāĻŽা, 1937, āĻĒৃāώ্āĻ া 93), "āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻĻিāĻ• āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŽāϧ্āϝāϝুāĻ—েāϰ āϏāϰ্āĻŦাāϧিāĻ• āωāύ্āύāϤ āϏāĻ­্āϝāϤা āĻ–্āϰিāϏ্āϟাāύ āϏংāϏ্āĻ•ৃāϤি āĻ›িāϞ āύা, āĻŦāϰং āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦাāϏেāϰ āϞোāĻ•āĻĻেāϰ āϏāĻ­্āϝāϤা āĻ›িāϞ āχāϏāϞাāĻŽ। "

āĻšāϝāϰāϤ āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ (āϏা।) - āĻāϰ āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāĻ“ āύীāϚে āĻĻেāĻ“āϝ়া āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›ে:

* āϜাāύাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻ•āĻŦুāϞ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻ•āĻŦāϰে āϏāύ্āϧাāύ āĻ•āϰুāύ।

* āφāϞেāĻŽেāϰ āĻ•াāϞি āĻļāĻšীāĻĻেāϰ āϰāĻ•্āϤেāϰ āϚেāϝ়ে āĻĒāĻŦিāϤ্āϰ।

* āϜ্āĻžাāύ āĻ…āϰ্āϜāύ āĻš'āϞ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϟি āĻŽুāϏāϞিāĻŽ, āύāϰ-āύাāϰীāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻ•āϰ্āϤāĻŦ্āϝ is

* āϏে āĻŽাāϰা āϝাāϝ় āύা, āϝে āĻļিāĻ•্āώা āĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰে।

* āĻĒুāϰুāώāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϏāĻŦāϚেāϝ়ে āĻ–াāϰাāĻĒ āϞোāĻ• āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻ–াāϰাāĻĒ āĻļিāĻ•্āώিāϤ āĻŽাāύুāώ āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻ­াāϞ āĻļিāĻ•্āώিāϤ āĻŽাāύুāώāχ āϏāĻŦāϚেāϝ়ে āϏেāϰা।

* āĻŦিāĻĻ্āĻŦাāύāĻĻেāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻļোāύাāϰ āĻāĻŦং āĻŦিāϜ্āĻžাāύেāϰ āĻĒাāĻ েāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āĻ…āύুāĻļীāϞāύ āĻ•āϰা āϧāϰ্āĻŽীāϝ় āĻ…āύুāĻļীāϞāύেāϰ āϚেāϝ়ে āωāϤ্āϤāĻŽ।

* āϜ্āĻžাāύ āĻ…āϰ্āϜāύ; āĻāϟি āĻŽাāϞিāĻ•āĻ•ে āϏāĻ িāĻ• āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻ­ুāϞ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āφāϞাāĻĻা āĻ•āϰāϤে āϏāĻ•্āώāĻŽ āĻ•āϰে; āĻāϟি āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āϏুāĻ–েāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻĒāϰিāϚাāϞিāϤ āĻ•āϰে; āĻāϟি āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻĻুāϰ্āĻĻāĻļাāĻ—্āϰāϏ্āĻĨ āĻ•āϰে āϤোāϞে; āĻāϟি āĻŦāύ্āϧুāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻ…āϞāĻ™্āĻ•াāϰ āĻāĻŦং āĻļāϤ্āϰুāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦিāϰুāĻĻ্āϧে āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻŦāϰ্āĻŽ।

* āĻ…āϤিāϰিāĻ•্āϤ āĻĒ্āϰাāϰ্āĻĨāύা āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϚেāϝ়ে āĻ…āϤিāϰিāĻ•্āϤ āϜ্āĻžাāύāχ āωāϤ্āϤāĻŽ।

* āϝে āĻŦিāĻĻ্āĻŦাāύāĻĻেāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻŽাāύ āĻ•āϰে, āφāĻŽাāĻ•ে āϏāĻŽ্āĻŽাāύ āĻ•āϰে।

* āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āϜ্āĻžাāύী āϞোāĻ• āĻļāϝ়āϤাāύেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰে āĻšাāϜাāϰ āĻ…āϜ্āĻžাāύ āωāĻĒাāϏāĻ• āĻ…āĻĒেāĻ•্āώা āĻŦেāĻļি āĻļāĻ•্āϤ।

* āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻ…āϜ্āĻž āωāĻĒাāϏāĻ•েāϰ āϚেāϝ়ে āϜ্āĻžাāύী āϞোāĻ•েāϰ āĻļ্āϰেāώ্āĻ āϤ্āĻŦ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āύāĻ•্āώāϤ্āϰেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰে āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖিāĻŽাāϰ āĻŽāϤো।

* āϞোāĻ•েāϰা āϏোāύাāϰ āĻ“ āϰৌāĻĒ্āϝেāϰ āĻ–āύিāĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āĻŽāϤো। āχāϏāϞাāĻŽে āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āφāϰāĻ“ āĻļ্āϰেāώ্āĻ  āϤাāϰা āϝাāϰা āϜ্āĻžাāύ āĻ…āϰ্āϜāύ āĻ•āϰে।

* āϜ্āĻžাāύ āĻļুāϧুāĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻŦāϜাāϝ় āϰাāĻ–া āĻšāϝ়।

* āϜ্āĻžাāύীāϰা āĻšāϞেāύ āύāĻŦীāĻĻেāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰাāϧিāĻ•াāϰী। āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰাāϧিāĻ•াāϰ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āϜ্āĻžাāύ āϰāϝ়েāĻ›ে; āĻāĻŦং āϝাāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰাāϧিāĻ•াāϰ āϏূāϤ্āϰে āϤিāύি āωāϤ্āϤāϰাāϧিāĻ•াāϰ āϏূāϤ্āϰে āĻĒাāύ।

* āĻ…āϜ্āĻžāϤাāϰ āĻāĻ•āĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āύিāϰাāĻŽāϝ় āϜিāϜ্āĻžাāϏা āĻ•āϰা।

* āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āφāϞেāĻŽেāϰ āĻāĻ• āĻšাāϜাāϰ āϧāϰ্āĻŽāĻĒ্āϰাāĻŖ āĻĒুāϰুāώেāϰ āϚেāϝ়ে āĻļāϝ়āϤাāύেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤা āϰāϝ়েāĻ›ে।

āωāĻĒāϏংāĻšাāϰ:

āχāϏāϞাāĻŽ āϜ্āĻžাāύ āĻ­িāϤ্āϤিāĻ• āĻāĻ•āϟি āϧāϰ্āĻŽ। āĻ•ুāϰāφāύেāϰ āφāϝ়াāϤāϟি āĻāĻŽāύ āφāϝ়াāϤ āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āϝা āĻŽাāύুāώāĻ•ে āϤাāϰ āĻŦুāĻĻ্āϧি āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤে, āϚিāύ্āϤা āĻ•āϰāϤে, āϚিāύ্āϤা āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻāĻŦং āϜাāύাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āφāĻŽāύ্āϤ্āϰāĻŖ āϜাāύিāϝ়েāĻ›িāϞ, āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āϜীāĻŦāύেāϰ āϞāĻ•্āώ্āϝ āĻšāϞ āϏāϤ্āϝāĻ•ে āφāĻŦিāώ্āĻ•াāϰ āĻ•āϰা āϝা GodāĻļ্āĻŦāϰāĻ•ে āĻāĻ•āĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦে āωāĻĒাāϏāύা āĻ•āϰা āĻ›াāĻĄ়া āφāϰ āĻ•িāĻ›ুāχ āύāϝ়। āĻšাāĻĻীāϏ āϏাāĻšিāϤ্āϝেāĻ“ āϜ্āĻžাāύেāϰ āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦেāϰ āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ– āϰāϝ়েāĻ›ে। āύāĻŦী (āϏা।) - āĻāϰ āĻāχ āωāĻ•্āϤিāϟি "āĻ•āĻŦুāϞেāϰ āĻ•াāĻ›ে āĻ•āĻŦāϰে āϜ্āĻžাāύ āϏāύ্āϧাāύ āĻ•āϰুāύ", (āĻšাāĻĻীāϏ) āĻāĻŦং "āϏāϤ্āϝāχ āϜ্āĻžাāύেāϰ āϞোāĻ•েāϰা āύāĻŦীāĻĻেāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰাāϧিāĻ•াāϰী"। āύāĻŦী āϤাঁāϰ āϏাāĻšাāĻŦীāĻĻেāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻ“ āĻ•াāϜে āϏুāύ্āύাāϤ āĻļিāĻ•্āώা āĻĻিāϤেāύ āĻāĻŦং āϤাāĻĻেāϰāĻ•ে āϤা āĻ…āύুāϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āφāĻš্āĻŦাāύ āϜাāύিāϝ়েāĻ›িāϞেāύ, āϝেāĻŽāύāϟি āϤিāύি āϤাঁāϰ āĻšাāĻĻীāϏে āĻŦāϞেāĻ›েāύ: “āφāĻŽাāϰ āϏুāύ্āύাāĻšāĻ•ে āĻŽাāύ্āϝ āĻ•āϰুāύ” āĻāĻŦং “āϝে āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤি āφāĻŽাāϰ āϏুāύ্āύাāϤāĻ•ে āĻ…āĻŦāĻšেāϞা āĻ•āϰāĻŦে āϏে āφāĻŽাāϰāχ āύāϝ়।” ‘āφāĻŦāĻĻুāϞ্āϞাāĻš āχāĻŦāύে āĻŽাāϏāωāĻĻ āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāύা āĻ•āϰেāĻ›েāύ āϝে, āĻšāϝāϰāϤ āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āĻŦāϞেāĻ›েāύ:“ āφāϞ্āϞাāĻš āφāĻŽাāϰ āφāĻ—ে āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ•োāύ āύāĻŦীāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰেāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰেāύāύি, āϤāĻŦে āϤাঁāϰ āϜাāϤিāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝ āĻĨেāĻ•েāχ āϤাঁāϰ āĻļিāώ্āϝ āĻāĻŦং āϤাঁāϰ āϏাāĻšাāĻŦী āĻ›িāϞেāύ āϝাāϰা āϤাঁāϰ āϏুāύ্āύাāĻš āĻ…āύুāϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›িāϞেāύ āĻāĻŦং āϤাঁāϰ āφāĻĻেāĻļ āĻĒাāϞāύ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›েāύ। ” (āĻŽুāϏāϞিāĻŽ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖিāϤ, āύং .ā§§। āύāĻŦী āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āĻ•ুāϰāφāύ āĻ…āύুāϏাāϰে āϜীāĻŦāύāϝাāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰāϤেāύ, āϤিāύি āĻ›িāϞেāύ āĻ•ুāϰāφāύেāϰ āφāϏāϞ āϚেāϤāύা। āĻ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖেāχ āĻ…āύ্āϝāϰা āϤাঁāϰ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻ…āύুāϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻŦে āĻāĻŦং āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āφāϞ্āϞাāĻš āĻŽাāύুāώāĻ•ে āφāĻĻেāĻļ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›েāύ it āϞāĻ•্āώ্āϝ āĻ›িāϞ āύāĻŦীāϜি āĻ“ ieāĻŽাāύāĻĻাāϰāĻ—āĻŖেāϰ āϏাāĻšাāĻŦীāĻĻেāϰ āϜীāĻŦāύāϝাāϤ্āϰাāĻ•ে āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ• āĻĒāĻĨ āĻ…āĻŦāϞāĻŽ্āĻŦāύ āĻ•āϰা āϝা āϏāϤ্āϝিāĻ•াāϰেāϰ āĻŽুāϏāϞāĻŽাāύ āĻ›িāϞ। āύāĻŦী āĻ•েāĻŦāϞ āϜ্āĻžাāύেāϰ āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰāϚাāϰ āĻ•āϰেāύāύি, āϤিāύি āϜ্āĻžাāύ āĻĒ্āϰāϚাāϰেāϰ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖāĻ“ āĻĻিāϝ়েāĻ›িāϞেāύ। āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽāĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻŽুāϏāϞāĻŽাāύ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦাāϏী āĻŦা āĻŽāĻ•্āĻ•াāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϝুāĻĻ্āϧ, āϝে āĻŦāĻĻāϰেāϰ āϝুāĻĻ্āϧ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻĒāϰিāϚিāϤ, āĻŽুāϏāϞāĻŽাāύāϰা āĻŦিāϜāϝ় āĻ…āϰ্āϜāύ āĻ•āϰে āĻāĻŦং āϏāϤ্āϤāϰāϜāύ āĻ•ুāĻĢাāϰāĻ•ে āϝুāĻĻ্āϧāĻŦāύ্āĻĻী āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āϧāϰেāĻ›িāϞ।āύāĻŦী āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āϰāϚিāϤ āĻĒাঁāϧা āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤি āĻĻেāĻ“āϝ়াāϰ āĻ…āύ্āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻŽাāύāĻĻāĻŖ্āĻĄ āĻ›িāϞ, āϝাāϰা āĻ•াāϰাāĻ—াāϰে āĻļিāĻ•্āώিāϤ āĻ›িāϞ āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে। āĻĻāĻļ āϜāύ āĻŽুāϏāϞেāĻŽ āĻŦাāϚ্āϚাāĻ•ে āĻ•ীāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻĒāĻĄ়āϤে āĻāĻŦং āϞিāĻ–āϤে āĻšāϝ় āϤা āĻļিāĻ–িāϝ়ে āĻĻিāϞে āϤাāϰা āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰāϤ। āĻšāϝāϰāϤ āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āϏাāϞ্āϞাāϞ্āϞাāĻšু āφāϞাāχāĻšি āĻ“āϝ়াāϏাāϞ্āϞাāĻŽ āĻŦāϞেāĻ›েāύ: "āϝāĻĻি āĻ•েāω āϜ্āĻžাāύেāϰ āϏāύ্āϧাāύে āϰাāϏ্āϤাāϝ় āϝাāϤাāϝ়াāϤ āĻ•āϰে āϤāĻŦে GodāĻļ্āĻŦāϰ āϤাāĻ•ে āĻāĻ• āĻĒāĻĨে āĻ­্āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻŦাāϧ্āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻŦেāύ। āϜাāύ্āύাāϤেāϰ āϰাāϏ্āϤাāĻ—ুāϞি, āĻĢেāϰেāĻļāϤাāϰা āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āύীāϚু āĻ•āϰে āĻĻেāĻŦে āϝিāύি āϜ্āĻžাāύ āϚাāύ āϤাāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāĻšাāύ āφāύāύ্āĻĻে āĻĄাāύা āĻŽেāϞে। āφāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ“ āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āĻŦাāϏিāύ্āĻĻাāϰা āĻāĻŦং (āĻāĻŽāύāĻ•ি) āĻ—āĻ­ীāϰ āϜāϞেāϰ āĻŽাāĻ›āĻ—ুāϞি āϜ্āĻžাāύিāϤ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤিāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻ•্āώāĻŽা āĻĒ্āϰাāϰ্āĻĨāύা āĻ•āϰāĻŦে। āϧāϰ্āĻŽāĻ­āĻ•্āϤāĻĻেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āϜ্āĻžাāύ āĻ…āϰ্āϜāύāĻ•াāϰীāĻĻেāϰ āĻļ্āϰেāώ্āĻ āϤ্āĻŦ āĻš'āϞ āϚাঁāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāϤো, āϝāĻ–āύ āĻāϟি āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻšāϝ়, āϤāĻ–āύ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āύāĻ•্āώāϤ্āϰেāϰ āϚেāϝ়ে। āĻŦিāĻĻ্āĻŦাāύāϰা āĻšāϞেāύ āύāĻŦী-āϰাāϏূāϞāĻ—āĻŖেāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰাāϧিāĻ•াāϰী āĻāĻŦং āύāĻŦী-āϰাāϏূāϞāĻ—āĻŖ āϚāϞে āϝাāύ (āĻ•োāύāĻ“ āφāϰ্āĻĨিāĻ• āωāϤ্āϤāϰাāϧিāĻ•াāϰ āύেāχ), āϤাāϰা āĻ•েāĻŦāϞ āϜ্āĻžাāύ āϰেāĻ–ে āϝাāϝ় āĻāĻŦং āϝে āĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰে āϏে āĻĒ্āϰāϚুāϰ āĻ…ংāĻļ āύেāϝ়।

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