In the name of Allah, The Most Merciful, The Most Beneficent
Prophet Muhammad (Pbuh) and Education
Introduction:
Islam has, from its inception, placed a high premium on education and has enjoyed a long and rich intellectual tradition. Knowledge ('ilm) occupies a significant position within Islam, as evidenced by the more than 800 references to it in Islam's most revered book, the Holy Quran.
The importance of education is repeatedly emphasized in the Koran with frequent injunctions, such as "God will exalt those of you who believe and those who have knowledge to high degrees" (58:11), "O my Lord! Increase me in knowledge" (20:114), and "As God has taught him, so let him write" (2:282). Such verses provide a forceful stimulus for the Islamic community to strive for education and learning. It places great stress on seeking knowledge and education. Generally speaking, one can't find the proper right path in this world, this is true in all times and places. Knowledge is very important for two reasons. Firstly, it makes the man a right thinker; no one can think properly without having a fair amount of education. It also helps man to take the right decision. Secondly, Knowledge is that only through gaining many levels of education, man is able to gain more information from the external world. In fact, Islam called upon seeking out knowledge on all the levels. The first word of the Qur`an, revealed by God to prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was read, which highlights the importance of science and learning. The prophet (PBUH) said: seeking knowledge is a compulsory on every Muslim.The Importance of Education in
Islam:
To seek knowledge is a sacred duty;
it is obligatory on every Muslim, male and female. The first word revealed of
the Qur?an was "Iqra" READ! Seek knowledge! Educate yourselves! Be
educated. Surah Al-Zumr, ayah 9 reveals: "Are those equal, those who know
and those who do not know?" Surah Al-Baqarah, ayah 269 reveals:
"Allah grants wisdom to whom He pleases and to whom wisdom is granted
indeed he receives an overflowing benefit."
Education in the context of Islam
is regarded as a process that involves the complete person, including the
rational, spiritual, and social dimensions. As noted by Syed Muhammad al-Naquib
al-Attas in 1979, the comprehensive and integrated approach to education in
Islam is directed toward the "balanced growth of the total
personality…through training Man's spirit, intellect, rational self, feelings
and bodily senses…such that faith is infused into the whole of his
personality" (p. 158). In Islamic educational theory knowledge is gained
in order to actualize and perfect all dimensions of the human being. From an
Islamic perspective the highest and most useful model of perfection is the
prophet Muhammad, and the goal of Islamic education is that people be able to
live as he lived. To ascertain truth by reason alone is restrictive, according
to Islam, because spiritual and temporal reality are two sides of the same
sphere. Many Muslim educationists argue that favoring reason at the expense of
spirituality interferes with balanced growth. Exclusive training of the
intellect, for example, is inadequate in developing and refining elements of
love, kindness, compassion, and selflessness, which have an altogether
spiritual ambiance and can be engaged only by processes of spiritual training.
Education in Islam is twofold:
acquiring intellectual knowledge (through the application of reason and logic)
and developing spiritual knowledge (derived from divine revelation and
spiritual experience). According to the worldview of Islam, provision in
education must be made equally for both. Acquiring knowledge in Islam is not
intended as an end but as a means to stimulate a more elevated moral and
spiritual consciousness, leading to faith and righteous action.
The Holy
Koran is no barren in this context. In Quran alone there are 704 verses in
which either the word ilm or the words of the same derivation are used in the
following order:- a'lam 49 times, al-ilm 80 times, a'lamu 11 times, alim 162
times, a'lim 13 times, ilman 14 times, i'lamu 27 times, ma'lum and ma'lumat 13
times, ya'lamun 85 times, ya'lamu 93 times, ta'lamun 56 times. Pen and books
are essential aids of knowledge, and for them, the qalam occurs 2 times and
al-kitab 230 times. In addition, a number of words related to writing, like
kataba, katabna, kutiba, katib, yaktubu, naktubu are used in a number of
verses. The total number of the Koranic verses using the words related to
writing is 319, and the word kitab for the Koran is used on 81 different
occasions. This is enough to show to what extent knowledge and the means of its
acquisition are emphasized in the Quran that had been excellently elaborated in
the precious sayings of Muhammad.
Practical Educational Principles in
Islam:
1. Evaluation of Educational
Materials:
The content of education is
evaluated in a way that assure avoiding extremism which may terminate in bodily
harms, or even sometimes psychological abnormalities.
2. Encouraging the Sense of
Self-respect:
In Islamic education methods
stimulate educator to develop a sense of self-respect. A teacher, therefore,
should make his students aware of the facts around them. A teacher and educator
should also consider students as trusts of God, entrusted to him/her in order
to be taught the best material by the best method and to be trained in the best
manner.
3. Attentiveness toward
freedom in action:
Giving the attention to the
role of “free choice” in the human motion toward perfection, instructions are
given the opportunity for freedom in action, instead of pushing him/her into
passivity.
4. Observing the principle of
graduality:
Considering graduality of human progress
whethe atural or acquired into account, a teacher has to be aware about what
the students’ age and natural/social factors necessitate. Accordingly, teacher
has to try to elevate the instructed gradually and step by step, without
expecting swift and sudden jumps.
5. Flexibility:
Since individual and group
differ, the observation of flexibility is a must in both programming curriculum
and its enforcement.
6. Giving priority to what is
more important:
Educators play a significant
role in growing young students and enhancing their potentialities. They have to
take the expedience of each and every learner into account, as well as what is
suitable for the whole of the Islamic society and the human society in general.
Therefore, planners of curriculum and teachers should steer clear of programs
and courses that waste time or record low compared to superior goals. Also,
they have to pay more attention to the effective issues concerning with human
eternal well-being and teach them more suitably.
7. Natural and social
knowledge:
Islam pays more attention to
students' age and mental requirements as well as society’s needs and
possibilities before introducing natural, mathematical, and social sciences to
a curriculum.
The teachings of Islam
encourage people to pursue knowledge; and hold people of knowledge in highly
remarkable place.
Prophet
Muhammad & his theories of Education:
Prophet Muhammad pattern of
educational communication with his family, friends, followers and enemies
enabled him to increase his support and to strengthen his position to deliver
his message of Islam. Over twenty-three years of delivering the call of Allah
(God in Arabic), Prophet Muhammad developed educational communication patterns
to educate people to learn about Islam.
This research is to investigate
Prophet Muhammad educational patterns of communicating with individuals and
masses.
The Prophet Muhammad emphasized the
importance of Education. In the annals of human history, we hardly get another
man who laid that emphasis on Education as did Muhammad. As the Supreme Head of
the first Islamic State, he decreed Education as incumbent on all people, male
or female. Talk of compulsory education is not innovation of our modernists.
Muhammad had declared it compulsory almost immediately after the establishment
of the City State of Madeenah. It was in the very second year of the
establishment of the Madeenistic Regime that his Law regarding Compulsory
Education began to be implemented with all his vigour and force possible for a
nascent state. And like a practical realist he also warns his people to save
themselves from ‘knowledge which is of no use’. In other words, he asked you to
separate the kernel from the husk and to distinguish the substance from the
shadow. And pray, also look at the breath of the vision of this great
Revolutionary. He orders to take the good from everywhere one gets it and
further counsels that knowledge is the lost of wealth of a believer and
commands to acquire it whatever its source. So long as the Muslims kept up this
breadth of vision they were the torchbearers of light and learning and were
considered the norm to judge the various grades of cultures and civilizations
of the world.
The Prophet Muhammad declared
equality and brotherhood of man. He was not content with just preaching it, but
practised it. One of his closest companions was a former Negro slave, Bilaal;
one of his trusted lieutenants was an Iranian called Salmaan; to name a third
Suhayb of Rome. Each coming from different directions, of different languages,
and of different heritage. But in their Teacher's company they were all
companions, equal to each other without distinction. Color and country did not
stand in the way of Muhammad's revolutionary and all embracing brotherhood
The prophet Muhammad reported that
seeking knowledge has its principles and its stages; so whoever fails to
acquire or seek knowledge based on these principles and on this gradation of
seeking knowledge such will fail to acquire it. And this is an issue was
emphasized hoping to drive this into the hearts of the students of knowledge
and those who have knowledge, and that is to acquire knowledge piecemeal, bit
by bit, over the passage of time. As was said by the famous scholar Ibn Shihab
Az-Zuhri, "Whoever aims to acquire knowledge all at once, it will leave
him all at once. Rather knowledge should be acquired over the passage of days
and nights" Muhammad's interest in education can also be judged from the
tradition as quoted by Ibn Sa'd in "Tabaqat" that among the Meccan
prisoners taken in the battle of Badr, there were many who could not pay for
their liberty; and the literate among them however were ordered by the Prophet
to teach at least ten illiterate Muslim children as a ransom. Zaid bin Thabit,
who later one became famous as one of the scribes of the Koranic revelations,
learned reading and writing in this way. It is also worthwhile to mention that
Muhammad encouraged the learning of foreign languages, and thus Zaid bin Thabit
is also reputed to have learnt Persian, Greek, Ethiopian, Aramaic and Hebrew.
According to H.E. Barnes in "A History of Historical
Writings"(Oklahoma, 1937, p. 93), "In many ways the most advanced
civilization of the Middle Ages was not a Christian culture at all, but rather
the civilization of the people of the faith of Islam."
Prophet Muhammad's teachings are
also given below:-
* Seek knowledge from the cradle to
the grave.
* The ink of the scholar is more
holy than the blood of martyr.
* The acquisition of knowledge is a
duty incumbent on every Muslim, male and female.
* He does not die, who takes
learning.
* The worst of men is a bad learned
man, and a good learned man is the best.
* To listen to the words of the
learned and to instil into the lessons of science is better than religious
exercises.
* Acquire knowledge; it enables the
possessor to distinguish right from wrong; it guides us to happiness; it
sustains us in misery; it is an ornament among friends, and an armour against
enemies.
* Excessive knowledge is better than
excessive praying.
* Whoso honours the learned, honours
me.
* One learned man is harder on the
devil than a thousand ignorant worshippers.
* The superiority of a learned man
over an ignorant worshipper is like that of the full moon over all the stars.
* People are like mines of gold and
silver. The more excellent of them in Islam are those who attain knowledge.
* Knowledge is maintained only
through teaching.
* The learned ones are the heirs of
the prophets. They have knowledge as their inheritance; and he who inherits it,
he inherits a great fortune.
* The only cure for ignorance is to
ask.
* One scholar has more power over
the devil than a thousand devout men.
Conclusion:
Islam is a religion based upon
knowledge. The text of the Quran is replete with verses inviting man to use his
intellect, to ponder, to think and to know, for the goal of human life is to
discover the Truth which is none other than worshipping God in His Oneness. The
Hadith literature is also full of references to the importance of knowledge.
Such sayings of the Prophet as "Seek knowledge from the cradle to the
grave", (Hadith) and "Verily
the men of knowledge are the inheritors of the prophets". The
Prophet used to teach the Sunnah to his companions in word and deed, and urged
them to follow it, as he said in his hadeeth: “Adhere to my Sunnah” and
“Whoever neglects my Sunnah does not belong to me.” ‘Abd-Allaah ibn Mas’ood
narrated that the Prophet Muhammad said: “There is no Prophet whom Allaah sent
to any nation before me, but he had disciples from among his nation, and
companions who followed his Sunnah and obeyed his commands.” (Narrated by
Muslim, no. 71.The Prophet Muhammad lived according to the Qur'an, he was the
true spirit of the Qur'an. This was so that others would follow his example and
because it is the way Allah has commanded man to behave. The goal was to make
the companions of the Prophet and Believers adopt a way of life that was of a
True Muslim. The Prophet did not only preach about importance of knowledge, he
also gave examples of promoting knowledge. In the very first battle between the
Muslims and unbelievers or Mecca, known as the war of Badr, the Muslims gain
victory and caught seventy kuffars
as prisoners of war. One of the criteria of releasing the POWs devised by the
Prophet was that those who were literate among the prisoners could go free if
they teach ten Muslim children how to read and write. The
Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said: "If anyone travels on a road in
search of knowledge, God will cause him to travel on one of the roads of
Paradise. The angels will lower their wings in their great pleasure with one
who seeks knowledge. The inhabitants of the heavens and the Earth and (even)
the fish in the deep waters will ask forgiveness for the learned man. The
superiority of the learned over the devout is like that of the moon, on the
night when it is full, over the rest of the stars. The learned are the heirs of
the Prophets, and the Prophets leave (no monetary inheritance), they leave only
knowledge, and he who takes it takes an abundant portion.
ABDULLAH, ABDUL-RAHMAN SALIH. 1982.
Educational Theory: A Qur'anic Outlook. Makkah, Saudi Arabia: Umm al-Qura
University Press.
NASR, SEYYED HOSSEIN. 1984.
"The Islamic Philosophers' Views on Education." Muslim Education
Quarterly 2 (4):5–16.
SHALABY, AHMED. 1954. History of
Muslim Education. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Kashaf.
TIBAWI, ABDUL LATIF. 1972. Islamic Education.
London: Luzac.
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āĻূāĻŽিāĻা:
āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛াāĻŽ āĻļুāĻ°ু āĻĨেāĻেāĻ āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇাāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻāĻāĻি āĻāĻ্āĻ āĻĒ্āĻ°িāĻŽিāĻ¯়াāĻŽ āĻ°েāĻেāĻিāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻāĻি āĻĻীāĻ°্āĻ āĻāĻŦং āĻ¸āĻŽৃāĻĻ্āĻ§ āĻŦৌāĻĻ্āĻ§িāĻ traditionāĻ¤িāĻš্āĻ¯ āĻāĻĒāĻোāĻ āĻāĻ°েāĻে। āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛াāĻŽেāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§্āĻ¯ে āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ ('āĻāĻ˛āĻŽ) āĻāĻāĻি āĻāĻ˛্āĻ˛েāĻāĻ¯োāĻ্āĻ¯ āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨাāĻ¨ āĻ¨িāĻ¯়েāĻে, āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨āĻি āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛াāĻŽেāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°্āĻŦাāĻ§িāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻŽাāĻ¨িāĻ¤ āĻ্āĻ°āĻ¨্āĻĨ āĻোāĻ°াāĻ¨ে āĻāĻ° ā§Žā§Ļā§Ļ āĻিāĻ°āĻ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻāĻ˛্āĻ˛েāĻ āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻŽাāĻŖিāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯়েāĻে। āĻুāĻ°āĻāĻ¨ে āĻŦাāĻ°āĻŦাāĻ° āĻāĻĻেāĻļ āĻ¨িāĻˇেāĻ§েāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇাāĻ° āĻুāĻ°ুāĻ¤্āĻŦāĻে āĻŦাāĻ°āĻŦাāĻ° āĻোāĻ° āĻĻেāĻāĻ¯়া āĻšāĻ¯়েāĻে, āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨ "youāĻļ্āĻŦāĻ° āĻ¤োāĻŽাāĻĻেāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§্āĻ¯ে āĻ¯াāĻ°া believeāĻŽাāĻ¨ āĻāĻ¨েāĻেāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦং āĻ¯াāĻ°া āĻāĻ্āĻ āĻĄিāĻ্āĻ°ীāĻ¤ে āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ āĻ°াāĻেāĻ¨ āĻ¤াāĻĻেāĻ° āĻāĻ¨্āĻ¨ীāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻŦেāĻ¨" (ā§Ģā§Ž:ā§§ā§§), "āĻšে āĻāĻŽাāĻ° āĻ°āĻŦ! āĻāĻŽাāĻে āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ে āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āĻ§ি āĻāĻ°ুāĻ¨" (20: 114), āĻāĻŦং "āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨ himāĻļ্āĻŦāĻ° āĻ¤াāĻে āĻļিāĻিāĻ¯়েāĻেāĻ¨, āĻ¤াāĻ āĻ¸ে āĻ˛িāĻুāĻ" (2: 282)। āĻ āĻাāĻ¤ীāĻ¯় āĻāĻ¯়াāĻ¤ āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛াāĻŽী āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĻাāĻ¯়েāĻ° āĻāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇা āĻ āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇাāĻ° āĻāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¯়াāĻ¸ āĻোāĻ° āĻোāĻ° āĻāĻ°ে। āĻāĻি āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦং āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇা āĻ¨েāĻāĻ¯়াāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻুāĻ° āĻাāĻĒ āĻĻেāĻ¯়। āĻ¸াāĻ§াāĻ°āĻŖāĻাāĻŦে āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ে āĻেāĻ˛ে, āĻāĻ āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāĻ¤ে āĻেāĻ āĻ¸āĻ িāĻ āĻ¸āĻ িāĻ āĻĒāĻĨ āĻুঁāĻে āĻĒাāĻŦে āĻ¨া, āĻāĻি āĻ¸āĻ°্āĻŦāĻাāĻ˛ে āĻāĻŦং āĻাāĻ¯়āĻাāĻুāĻ˛িāĻ¤ে āĻ¸āĻ¤্āĻ¯। āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ āĻĻুāĻি āĻাāĻ°āĻŖে āĻুāĻ°ুāĻ¤্āĻŦāĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŖ। āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽāĻ¤, āĻāĻি āĻŽাāĻ¨ুāĻˇāĻে āĻāĻāĻি āĻ¸āĻ িāĻ āĻিāĻ¨্āĻ¤াāĻŦিāĻĻ āĻāĻ°ে āĻ¤োāĻ˛ে; āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¯্āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻ°িāĻŽাāĻŖে āĻĒāĻĄ়াāĻļোāĻ¨া āĻ¨া āĻāĻ°ে āĻেāĻ āĻ¸āĻ িāĻāĻাāĻŦে āĻিāĻ¨্āĻ¤া āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে āĻ¨া। āĻāĻি āĻŽাāĻ¨ুāĻˇāĻে āĻ¸āĻ িāĻ āĻ¸িāĻĻ্āĻ§াāĻ¨্āĻ¤ āĻ¨িāĻ¤ে āĻ¸াāĻšাāĻ¯্āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°ে। āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻ¤ীāĻ¯়āĻ¤, āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ āĻš'āĻ˛ āĻেāĻŦāĻ˛āĻŽাāĻ¤্āĻ° āĻŦāĻšু āĻ¸্āĻ¤āĻ°েāĻ° āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇা āĻ āĻ°্āĻāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻŽাāĻ§্āĻ¯āĻŽেāĻ āĻŽাāĻ¨ুāĻˇ āĻŦাāĻš্āĻ¯িāĻ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦ āĻĨেāĻে āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻ¤āĻĨ্āĻ¯ āĻ āĻ°্āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻ¸āĻ্āĻˇāĻŽ āĻšāĻ¯়। āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻৃāĻ¤āĻĒāĻ্āĻˇে, āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛াāĻŽ āĻ¸āĻāĻ˛ āĻ¸্āĻ¤āĻ°েāĻ° āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻ¨্āĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻāĻš্āĻŦাāĻ¨ āĻাāĻ¨িāĻ¯়েāĻে। ProphetāĻļ্āĻŦāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŦী āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ (āĻ¸া।) - āĻāĻ° āĻ¨িāĻāĻ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻাāĻļিāĻ¤ āĻুāĻ°āĻāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻি āĻĒāĻĄ়েāĻিāĻ˛েāĻ¨, āĻ¯া āĻŦিāĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ āĻ āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇাāĻ° āĻুāĻ°ুāĻ¤্āĻŦ āĻ¤ুāĻ˛ে āĻ§āĻ°ে। āĻ¨āĻŦী (āĻ¸াঃ) āĻŦāĻ˛েāĻেāĻ¨: āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻ¨্āĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°া āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤্āĻ¯েāĻ āĻŽুāĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŽাāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻŦাāĻ§্āĻ¯āĻ¤াāĻŽূāĻ˛āĻ।
āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛াāĻŽে āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇাāĻ° āĻুāĻ°ুāĻ¤্āĻŦ:
āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻ¨্āĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°া āĻāĻāĻি āĻĒāĻŦিāĻ¤্āĻ° āĻāĻ°্āĻ¤āĻŦ্āĻ¯; āĻāĻি āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤িāĻি āĻŽুāĻ¸āĻ˛িāĻŽ, āĻ¨āĻ°-āĻ¨াāĻ°ীāĻ° āĻāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻĢāĻ°āĻ¯। āĻুāĻ°āĻāĻ¨ুāĻ˛ āĻাāĻ°ীāĻŽেāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻি āĻ¨াāĻ¯িāĻ˛ āĻšāĻ¯়েāĻিāĻ˛ "āĻāĻāĻ°া" āĻĒāĻĄ়ুāĻ¨! āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻ¨্āĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ুāĻ¨! āĻ¨িāĻেāĻে āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇিāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ুāĻ¨! āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇিāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤্āĻ¤. āĻ¸ূāĻ°া āĻুāĻŽāĻ°, āĻāĻ¯়াāĻ¤ 9 āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻাāĻļ āĻāĻ°েāĻে: "āĻ¯াāĻ°া āĻ¸āĻŽাāĻ¨, āĻ¯াāĻ°া āĻাāĻ¨ে āĻāĻŦং āĻ¯াāĻ°া āĻাāĻ¨ে āĻ¨া āĻ¤াāĻ°া āĻি āĻ¸āĻŽাāĻ¨?" āĻ¸ূāĻ°া āĻŦাāĻাāĻ°াāĻ° ā§¨ 26ā§¯ āĻ¨āĻŽ্āĻŦāĻ° āĻāĻ¯়াāĻ¤ে āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻাāĻļিāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯়েāĻে: "āĻāĻ˛্āĻ˛াāĻš āĻ¯াāĻে āĻāĻ্āĻা āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ্āĻা āĻĻাāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°েāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦং āĻ¯াāĻে āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ āĻĻাāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°া āĻšāĻ¯় āĻ¸ে āĻ āĻŦāĻļ্āĻ¯āĻ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻূāĻ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻাāĻ° āĻ˛াāĻ āĻāĻ°ে।"
āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛াāĻŽেāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¸āĻ্āĻে āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇাāĻে āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻি āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ্āĻ°িāĻ¯়া āĻšিāĻ¸াāĻŦে āĻŦিāĻŦেāĻāĻ¨া āĻāĻ°া āĻšāĻ¯় āĻ¯াāĻ¤ে āĻ¯ুāĻ্āĻ¤িāĻ¯ুāĻ্āĻ¤, āĻāĻ§্āĻ¯াāĻ¤্āĻŽিāĻ āĻāĻŦং āĻ¸াāĻŽাāĻিāĻ āĻŽাāĻ¤্āĻ°া āĻ¸āĻš āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŖ āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻ্āĻ¤ি āĻāĻĄ়িāĻ¤। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ¸ৈāĻ¯়āĻĻ āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āĻāĻ˛-āĻ¨াāĻিāĻŦ āĻāĻ˛-āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¤াāĻ¸ ā§§ā§¯ 1979ā§¯ āĻ¸াāĻ˛ে āĻāĻ˛্āĻ˛েāĻ āĻāĻ°েāĻেāĻ¨, āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛াāĻŽেāĻ° āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇাāĻ° āĻāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻŦ্āĻ¯াāĻĒāĻ āĻ āĻ¸ংāĻšāĻ¤ āĻĒāĻĻ্āĻ§āĻ¤ি "āĻŽোāĻ āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻ্āĻ¤িāĻ¤্āĻŦেāĻ° āĻ¸ুāĻˇāĻŽ āĻŦিāĻাāĻļেāĻ° āĻĻিāĻে āĻĒāĻ°িāĻাāĻ˛িāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯় ... āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇāĻŖেāĻ° āĻŽাāĻ§্āĻ¯āĻŽে āĻŽাāĻ¨ুāĻˇেāĻ° āĻেāĻ¤āĻ¨া, āĻŦুāĻĻ্āĻ§ি, āĻ¯ৌāĻ্āĻ¤িāĻ āĻ¸্āĻŦ, āĻ āĻ¨ুāĻূāĻ¤ি āĻāĻŦং āĻļাāĻ°ীāĻ°িāĻ āĻ¸ংāĻŦেāĻĻāĻ¨… āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨ faithāĻŽাāĻ¨ āĻ¤াঁāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ্āĻ° āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻ্āĻ¤িāĻ¤্āĻŦেāĻ° āĻĒুāĻ°োāĻাāĻ¤ে āĻ¨িāĻŽāĻ্āĻ¨ p "(āĻĒৃāĻˇ্āĻ া 158)। āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛াāĻŽী āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇাāĻŽূāĻ˛āĻ āĻ¤āĻ¤্āĻ¤্āĻŦে āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ āĻŽাāĻ¨ুāĻˇেāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸্āĻ¤ āĻŽাāĻ¤্āĻ°া āĻŦাāĻ¸্āĻ¤āĻŦাāĻ¯়āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦং āĻ¨িāĻুঁāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°াāĻ° āĻāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻ āĻ°্āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°া āĻšāĻ¯়। āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛াāĻŽী āĻĻৃāĻˇ্āĻিāĻোāĻŖ āĻĨেāĻে āĻĒāĻ°িāĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŖāĻ¤াāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°্āĻŦোāĻ্āĻ āĻ āĻাāĻ°্āĻ¯āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻĄেāĻ˛ āĻšāĻ˛েāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŦী āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ, āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛াāĻŽী āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇাāĻ° āĻ˛āĻ্āĻˇ্āĻ¯ āĻš'āĻ˛ āĻ˛োāĻেāĻ°া āĻ¤াঁāĻ° āĻীāĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ¯াāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻĒেāĻ°েāĻিāĻ˛। āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛াāĻŽেāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ে āĻāĻাāĻ āĻ¯ুāĻ্āĻ¤ি āĻĻিāĻ¯়ে āĻ¸āĻ¤্āĻ¯ āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻ§াāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°া āĻ¸ীāĻŽাāĻŦāĻĻ্āĻ§, āĻাāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ§্āĻ¯াāĻ¤্āĻŽিāĻ āĻ āĻ¸াāĻŽāĻ¯়িāĻ āĻŦাāĻ¸্āĻ¤āĻŦāĻ¤া āĻāĻāĻ āĻ্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°েāĻ° āĻĻুāĻি āĻĻিāĻ। āĻ āĻ¨েāĻ āĻŽুāĻ¸āĻ˛িāĻŽ āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇাāĻŦিāĻĻ āĻ¯ুāĻ্āĻ¤ি āĻĻিāĻ¯়েāĻিāĻ˛েāĻ¨ āĻ¯ে āĻāĻ§্āĻ¯াāĻ¤্āĻŽিāĻāĻ¤াāĻ° āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻ¯়āĻে āĻ¯ুāĻ্āĻ¤িāĻ¯ুāĻ্āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ্āĻˇে āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ°্āĻĨāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°া āĻ¸ুāĻˇāĻŽ āĻŦিāĻাāĻļে āĻšāĻ¸্āĻ¤āĻ্āĻˇেāĻĒ āĻāĻ°ে। āĻāĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¸্āĻŦāĻ°ূāĻĒ, āĻŦুāĻĻ্āĻ§িāĻ° āĻāĻāĻেāĻিāĻ¯়া āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇāĻŖ āĻĒ্āĻ°েāĻŽ, āĻĻāĻ¯়া, āĻāĻ°ুāĻŖা āĻāĻŦং āĻ¨িঃāĻ¸্āĻŦাāĻ°্āĻĨāĻ¤াāĻ° āĻāĻĒাāĻĻাāĻ¨āĻুāĻ˛িāĻ° āĻŦিāĻাāĻļ āĻāĻŦং āĻĒāĻ°িāĻŽাāĻ°্āĻāĻ¨ে āĻ āĻĒāĻ°্āĻ¯াāĻĒ্āĻ¤, āĻ¯া āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŖāĻ°ূāĻĒে āĻāĻ§্āĻ¯াāĻ¤্āĻŽিāĻ āĻ¸āĻ্āĻ¯āĻ¤া āĻ°াāĻে āĻāĻŦং āĻেāĻŦāĻ˛ āĻāĻ§্āĻ¯াāĻ¤্āĻŽিāĻ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇāĻŖেāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ্āĻ°িāĻ¯়া āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া āĻ¨িāĻ¯ুāĻ্āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে।
āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛াāĻŽে āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇা āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻুāĻŖ: āĻŦৌāĻĻ্āĻ§িāĻ āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ°্āĻāĻ¨ (āĻ¯ুāĻ্āĻ¤ি āĻ āĻ¯ুāĻ্āĻ¤িāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¯়োāĻেāĻ° āĻŽাāĻ§্āĻ¯āĻŽে) āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻ§্āĻ¯াāĻ¤্āĻŽিāĻ āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ āĻŦিāĻাāĻļ āĻāĻ°া (divineāĻļিāĻ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻাāĻļ āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻ§্āĻ¯াāĻ¤্āĻŽিāĻ āĻ āĻিāĻ্āĻāĻ¤া āĻĨেāĻে āĻĒ্āĻ°াāĻĒ্āĻ¤)। āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛াāĻŽেāĻ° āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦāĻĻāĻ°্āĻļāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ¨ুāĻ¸াāĻ°ে āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇাāĻ° āĻ্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°ে āĻāĻāĻ¯়েāĻ° āĻāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻŽাāĻ¨ āĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻšāĻŦে। āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛াāĻŽে āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ°্āĻāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āĻ¯ āĻļেāĻˇ āĻšিāĻ¸াāĻŦে āĻ¨āĻ¯় āĻŦāĻ°ং āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻāĻ¨্āĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ āĻ āĻāĻ§্āĻ¯াāĻ¤্āĻŽিāĻ āĻেāĻ¤āĻ¨াāĻে āĻāĻĻ্āĻĻীāĻĒিāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°াāĻ° āĻāĻĒাāĻ¯় āĻšিāĻ¸াāĻŦে faithāĻŽাāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦং āĻ§াāĻ°্āĻŽিāĻ āĻāĻ°্āĻŽেāĻ° āĻĻিāĻে āĻĒāĻ°িāĻাāĻ˛িāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ে।
āĻĒāĻŦিāĻ¤্āĻ° āĻোāĻ°āĻāĻ¨ āĻ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¸āĻ্āĻে āĻোāĻ¨āĻ āĻŦāĻ¨্āĻ§্āĻ¯া āĻ¨āĻ¯়। āĻāĻāĻŽাāĻ¤্āĻ° āĻুāĻ°āĻāĻ¨ে 4ā§Ļā§Ē āĻি āĻāĻ¯়াāĻ¤ āĻ°āĻ¯়েāĻে āĻ¯াāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§্āĻ¯ে āĻāĻ˛āĻŽ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āĻŦা āĻāĻāĻ āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¸েāĻ° āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻুāĻ˛ি āĻ¨িāĻŽ্āĻ¨āĻ˛িāĻিāĻ¤ āĻ্āĻ°āĻŽে āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšৃāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯়েāĻে: - 49 āĻŦাāĻ°, āĻāĻ˛-āĻāĻ˛āĻŽ 80 āĻŦাāĻ°, āĻāĻ˛্āĻ˛াāĻŽু 11 āĻŦাāĻ°, āĻāĻ˛িāĻŽ 162 āĻŦাāĻ°, āĻ'āĻ˛িāĻŽ ā§§ā§Š āĻŦাāĻ°, āĻāĻ˛āĻŽাāĻ¨ ā§§ā§Ē āĻŦাāĻ°, āĻāĻ˛াāĻŽু ā§¨, āĻŦাāĻ°, āĻŽāĻ˛্āĻ˛ুāĻŽ āĻ āĻŽাāĻ˛ুāĻŽাāĻ¤ ā§§ā§Š āĻŦাāĻ°, āĻāĻ¯়াāĻ˛াāĻŽুāĻ¨ ā§Žā§Ģ āĻŦাāĻ°, āĻāĻ˛āĻŽু ā§¯ā§Š āĻŦাāĻ°, āĻ¤েāĻ˛াāĻŽুāĻ¨ ā§Ģ times āĻŦাāĻ°। āĻāĻ˛āĻŽ āĻāĻŦং āĻŦāĻ āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¯়োāĻāĻ¨ীāĻ¯় āĻ¸āĻšাāĻ¯়āĻ, āĻāĻŦং āĻ¤াāĻĻেāĻ° āĻāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻ্āĻŦাāĻ˛াāĻŽ 2 āĻŦাāĻ° āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻ˛-āĻিāĻ¤াāĻŦ 230 āĻŦাāĻ° āĻāĻ¸ে। āĻāĻাāĻĄ়াāĻ āĻ˛েāĻাāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻĒāĻ°্āĻিāĻ¤ āĻŦেāĻļ āĻāĻ¯়েāĻāĻি āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻাāĻাāĻŦা, āĻাāĻ¤াāĻŦāĻ¨া, āĻুāĻ¤িāĻŦা, āĻাāĻ¤িāĻŦ, āĻāĻ¯়াāĻāĻ¤āĻŦু, āĻ¨āĻ্āĻ¤ুāĻŦু āĻŦেāĻļ āĻāĻ¯়েāĻāĻি āĻļ্āĻ˛োāĻে āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšৃāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯়। āĻ˛েāĻাāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻĒāĻ°্āĻিāĻ¤ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻুāĻ˛ি āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻāĻ°ে āĻোāĻ°াāĻ¨ীāĻ¯় āĻāĻ¯়াāĻ¤āĻুāĻ˛িāĻ° āĻŽোāĻ āĻ¸ংāĻ্āĻ¯া 319 āĻি āĻāĻŦং āĻোāĻ°াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻিāĻ¤াāĻŦ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻি 81 āĻি āĻŦিāĻিāĻ¨্āĻ¨ āĻāĻĒāĻ˛āĻ্āĻˇে āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšৃāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯়েāĻে। āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻেāĻ° āĻŽূāĻ˛্āĻ¯āĻŦাāĻ¨ āĻāĻ্āĻ¤িāĻুāĻ˛িāĻ¤ে āĻুāĻ°āĻāĻ¨ে āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻ° āĻ āĻ§িāĻ্āĻ°āĻšāĻŖেāĻ° āĻ¯ে āĻĒāĻ°িāĻŽাāĻŖāĻুāĻ˛ি āĻোāĻ° āĻĻেāĻāĻ¯়া āĻšāĻ¯়েāĻে āĻ¤া āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻŽাāĻŖ āĻāĻ°াāĻ° āĻāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻāĻি āĻ¯āĻĨেāĻˇ্āĻ।
āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛াāĻŽে āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ°িāĻ āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇাāĻŽূāĻ˛āĻ āĻ¨ীāĻ¤িāĻ¸āĻŽূāĻš:
āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇাāĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻĒাāĻĻাāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻŽূāĻ˛্āĻ¯াāĻ¯়āĻ¨:
āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇাāĻ° āĻŦিāĻˇāĻ¯়āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻ¤ু āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻাāĻŦে āĻŽূāĻ˛্āĻ¯াāĻ¯়āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°া āĻšāĻ¯় āĻ¯া āĻāĻ°āĻŽāĻĒāĻ¨্āĻĨা āĻāĻĄ়াāĻ¨ো āĻāĻļ্āĻŦাāĻ¸ āĻĻেāĻ¯় āĻ¯া āĻļাāĻ°ীāĻ°িāĻ āĻ্āĻˇāĻ¯়āĻ্āĻˇāĻ¤িāĻ¤ে āĻŦা āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻি āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻŽাāĻ¨āĻ¸িāĻ āĻ āĻ¸্āĻŦাāĻাāĻŦিāĻāĻ¤াāĻুāĻ˛িāĻ¤েāĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸াāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে।
ā§¨. āĻāĻ¤্āĻŽ-āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻŽাāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ুāĻূāĻ¤ি āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¸াāĻšিāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°া:
āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛াāĻŽী āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇাāĻ° āĻĒāĻĻ্āĻ§āĻ¤িāĻ¤ে āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇাāĻŦিāĻĻāĻে āĻāĻ¤্āĻŽ-āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻŽাāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻŦোāĻ§ āĻ¤ৈāĻ°ি āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻāĻĻ্āĻŦুāĻĻ্āĻ§ āĻāĻ°ে। āĻ¸ুāĻ¤āĻ°াং āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇāĻেāĻ° āĻāĻিāĻ¤ āĻ¤াāĻ° āĻাāĻ¤্āĻ°āĻĻেāĻ° āĻাāĻ°āĻĒাāĻļেāĻ° āĻāĻāĻ¨া āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻĒāĻ°্āĻে āĻ¸āĻেāĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°া। āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇāĻ āĻāĻŦং āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇাāĻŦিāĻĻāĻেāĻ āĻ¸āĻ°্āĻŦোāĻ¤্āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻĒāĻĻ্āĻ§āĻ¤িāĻ° āĻŽাāĻ§্āĻ¯āĻŽে āĻ¸āĻ°্āĻŦোāĻ¤্āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻāĻĒাāĻĻাāĻ¨ āĻļেāĻাāĻ¨োāĻ° āĻāĻŦং āĻ¸āĻ°্āĻŦোāĻ¤্āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻĒāĻĻ্āĻ§āĻ¤িāĻ¤ে āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇāĻŖ āĻĻেāĻāĻ¯়াāĻ° āĻāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇাāĻ°্āĻĨীāĻĻেāĻ° GodāĻļ্āĻŦāĻ°েāĻ° āĻ্āĻ°াāĻ¸্āĻ āĻšিāĻ¸াāĻŦে āĻŦিāĻŦেāĻāĻ¨া āĻāĻ°া āĻāĻিāĻ¤।
ā§Š. āĻাāĻ°্āĻ¯āĻ¤ āĻ¸্āĻŦাāĻ§ীāĻ¨āĻ¤াāĻ° āĻĻিāĻে āĻŽāĻ¨োāĻ¯োāĻ āĻĻিāĻ¨:
āĻĒāĻ°িāĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŖāĻ¤াāĻ° āĻĻিāĻে āĻŽাāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻāĻ¤িāĻ¤ে "āĻ āĻŦাāĻ§ āĻĒāĻāĻ¨্āĻĻ" āĻāĻ° āĻূāĻŽিāĻাāĻ° āĻĻিāĻে āĻŽāĻ¨োāĻ¨িāĻŦেāĻļ āĻāĻ°া, āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻĻেāĻļাāĻŦāĻ˛ী āĻ¤াāĻে / āĻ¤াāĻে āĻĒ্āĻ¯াāĻ¸িāĻিāĻিāĻ¤ে āĻ েāĻ˛ে āĻ¨া āĻĻিāĻ¯়ে āĻāĻ°্āĻŽে āĻ¸্āĻŦাāĻ§ীāĻ¨āĻ¤াāĻ° āĻ¸ুāĻ¯োāĻ āĻĻেāĻāĻ¯়া āĻšāĻ¯়।
ā§Ē. āĻ§ীāĻ°ে āĻ§ীāĻ°ে āĻ¨ীāĻ¤ি āĻĒāĻ°্āĻ¯āĻŦেāĻ্āĻˇāĻŖ:
āĻŽাāĻ¨ুāĻˇেāĻ° āĻ āĻ্āĻ°āĻāĻ¤িāĻ° āĻ§ীāĻ°ে āĻ§ীāĻ°ে āĻŦিāĻŦেāĻāĻ¨া āĻāĻ°ে āĻ¯া atura āĻŦা āĻ ্āĻ¯াāĻাāĻāĻ¨্āĻে āĻ āĻ°্āĻিāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯়, āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇāĻāĻে āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇাāĻ°্āĻĨীāĻĻেāĻ° āĻŦāĻ¯়āĻ¸ āĻāĻŦং āĻĒ্āĻ°াāĻৃāĻ¤িāĻ / āĻ¸াāĻŽাāĻিāĻ āĻাāĻ°āĻŖāĻুāĻ˛ি āĻী āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¯়োāĻāĻ¨ āĻ¤া āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻĒāĻ°্āĻে āĻ¸āĻেāĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¤ে āĻšāĻŦে। āĻ¤āĻĻāĻ¨ুāĻ¸াāĻ°ে, āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇāĻāĻে āĻĻ্āĻ°ুāĻ¤ āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻāĻ¸্āĻŽিāĻ āĻ˛াāĻĢেāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻļা āĻ¨া āĻāĻ°ে āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻĻেāĻļāĻে āĻ§ীāĻ°ে āĻ§ীāĻ°ে āĻāĻŦং āĻ§াāĻĒে āĻ§াāĻĒে āĻāĻ¨্āĻ¨ীāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°াāĻ° āĻেāĻˇ্āĻা āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻšāĻŦে।
5. āĻ¨āĻŽāĻ¨ীāĻ¯়āĻ¤া:
āĻ¯েāĻšেāĻ¤ু āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻ্āĻ¤ি āĻ āĻোāĻˇ্āĻ ী āĻĒৃāĻĨāĻ, āĻ¤াāĻ āĻĒ্āĻ°োāĻ্āĻ°াāĻŽিং āĻĒাāĻ ্āĻ¯āĻ্āĻ°āĻŽ āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¯়োāĻāĻাāĻ°ী āĻāĻāĻ¯় āĻ্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°ে āĻ¨āĻŽāĻ¨ীāĻ¯়āĻ¤াāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°্āĻ¯āĻŦেāĻ্āĻˇāĻŖ āĻāĻ°ুāĻ°ি।
What. āĻŦেāĻļি āĻুāĻ°ুāĻ¤্āĻŦāĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŖ āĻŦিāĻˇāĻ¯়āĻিāĻে āĻĒ্āĻ°াāĻ§াāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻĻেāĻāĻ¯়া:
āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇāĻŖাāĻ°্āĻĨীāĻ°া āĻ āĻ˛্āĻĒ āĻŦāĻ¯়āĻ¸্āĻ āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇাāĻ°্āĻĨীāĻĻেāĻ° āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āĻ§ি āĻāĻŦং āĻ¤াāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻাāĻŦāĻ¨া āĻŦাāĻĄ়াāĻ¤ে āĻুāĻ°ুāĻ¤্āĻŦāĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŖ āĻূāĻŽিāĻা āĻĒাāĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ে। āĻ¤াāĻĻেāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤িāĻি āĻāĻŦং āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤িāĻি āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇাāĻ¨āĻŦিāĻļেāĻ° āĻ āĻিāĻ্āĻāĻ¤া āĻŦিāĻŦেāĻāĻ¨া āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻšāĻŦে, āĻĒাāĻļাāĻĒাāĻļি āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ্āĻ° āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛াāĻŽী āĻ¸āĻŽাāĻ āĻāĻŦং āĻ¸াāĻ§াāĻ°āĻŖāĻাāĻŦে āĻŽাāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻ¸āĻŽাāĻেāĻ° āĻāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻāĻĒāĻ¯ুāĻ্āĻ¤ āĻি āĻ¤া āĻŦিāĻŦেāĻāĻ¨া āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻšāĻŦে। āĻ āĻ¤āĻāĻŦ, āĻĒাāĻ ্āĻ¯āĻ্āĻ°āĻŽেāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°িāĻāĻ˛্āĻĒāĻ¨াāĻাāĻ°ী āĻāĻŦং āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇāĻāĻĻেāĻ° āĻāĻ্āĻāĻ¤āĻ° āĻ˛āĻ্āĻˇ্āĻ¯āĻুāĻ˛িāĻ° āĻ¤ুāĻ˛āĻ¨াāĻ¯় āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯় āĻ¨āĻˇ্āĻ āĻāĻ°া āĻŦা āĻāĻŽ āĻ°েāĻāĻ°্āĻĄ āĻāĻ°া āĻĒ্āĻ°োāĻ্āĻ°াāĻŽ āĻāĻŦং āĻোāĻ°্āĻ¸āĻুāĻ˛িāĻে āĻĒāĻ°িāĻˇ্āĻাāĻ° āĻāĻ°া āĻāĻিāĻ¤। āĻāĻাāĻĄ়াāĻ, āĻ¤াāĻĻেāĻ°āĻে āĻিāĻ°āĻ¨্āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ¸ুāĻ¸্āĻĨāĻ¤াāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻĒāĻ°্āĻিāĻ¤ āĻাāĻ°্āĻ¯āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ¸্āĻ¯ুāĻুāĻ˛িāĻ¤ে āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻŽāĻ¨োāĻ¯োāĻ āĻĻিāĻ¤ে āĻšāĻŦে āĻāĻŦং āĻ¤াāĻĻেāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻāĻĒāĻ¯ুāĻ্āĻ¤āĻাāĻŦে āĻļেāĻাāĻ¤ে āĻšāĻŦে।
Natural. āĻĒ্āĻ°াāĻৃāĻ¤িāĻ āĻ āĻ¸াāĻŽাāĻিāĻ āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨:
āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛াāĻŽ āĻĒ্āĻ°াāĻৃāĻ¤িāĻ, āĻাāĻŖিāĻ¤িāĻ āĻāĻŦং āĻ¸াāĻŽাāĻিāĻ āĻŦিāĻ্āĻাāĻ¨āĻে āĻāĻāĻি āĻĒাāĻ ্āĻ¯āĻ্āĻ°āĻŽেāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে āĻĒāĻ°িāĻāĻ¯় āĻāĻ°াāĻ¨োāĻ° āĻāĻে āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇাāĻ°্āĻĨীāĻĻেāĻ° āĻŦāĻ¯়āĻ¸ āĻāĻŦং āĻŽাāĻ¨āĻ¸িāĻ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¯়োāĻāĻ¨ীāĻ¯়āĻ¤াāĻ° āĻĒাāĻļাāĻĒাāĻļি āĻ¸āĻŽাāĻেāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¯়োāĻāĻ¨ীāĻ¯়āĻ¤া āĻāĻŦং āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻাāĻŦāĻ¨াāĻুāĻ˛িāĻ¤ে āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻŽāĻ¨োāĻ¯োāĻ āĻĻেāĻ¯়।
āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛াāĻŽেāĻ° āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇা āĻŽাāĻ¨ুāĻˇāĻে āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ°্āĻāĻ¨ে āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¸াāĻšিāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ে; āĻāĻŦং āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ˛োāĻāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ āĻ¤্āĻ¯āĻ¨্āĻ¤ āĻāĻ˛্āĻ˛েāĻāĻ¯োāĻ্āĻ¯ āĻ¸্āĻĨাāĻ¨ে āĻ§āĻ°ে āĻ°াāĻুāĻ¨।
āĻ¨āĻŦী āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āĻāĻŦং āĻ¤াঁāĻ° āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇাāĻ° āĻ¤āĻ¤্āĻ¤্āĻŦāĻ¸āĻŽূāĻš:
āĻ¤াঁāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°িāĻŦাāĻ°, āĻŦāĻ¨্āĻ§ুāĻŦাāĻ¨্āĻ§āĻŦ, āĻ āĻ¨ুāĻ¸াāĻ°ী āĻāĻŦং āĻļāĻ¤্āĻ°ুāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে āĻ¨āĻŦী āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āĻŦিāĻ¨োāĻĻāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇাāĻŽূāĻ˛āĻ āĻ¯োāĻাāĻ¯োāĻেāĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛ে āĻ¤িāĻ¨ি āĻ¤াঁāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ°্āĻĨāĻ¨ āĻŦাāĻĄ়াāĻ¤ে āĻāĻŦং āĻ¤াঁāĻ° āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛াāĻŽেāĻ° āĻŦাāĻŖী āĻĒৌঁāĻে āĻĻেāĻāĻ¯়াāĻ° āĻĒāĻ্āĻˇে āĻ¤াঁāĻ° āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨাāĻ¨āĻে āĻļāĻ্āĻ¤িāĻļাāĻ˛ী āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻ¸āĻ্āĻˇāĻŽ āĻšāĻ¨। āĻāĻ˛্āĻ˛াāĻšāĻ° āĻĻাāĻāĻ¯়াāĻ¤ āĻĻেāĻāĻ¯়াāĻ° āĻ¤েāĻāĻļ āĻŦāĻāĻ°েāĻ°āĻ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯় āĻ§āĻ°ে (āĻāĻ°āĻŦী āĻাāĻˇাāĻ¯় GodāĻļ্āĻŦāĻ°), āĻ¨āĻŦী āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āĻ˛োāĻāĻĻেāĻ°āĻে āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛াāĻŽ āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻĒāĻ°্āĻে āĻļেāĻাāĻ¤ে āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇাāĻŽূāĻ˛āĻ āĻ¯োāĻাāĻ¯োāĻেāĻ° āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻĄ়ে āĻ¤ুāĻ˛েāĻিāĻ˛।
āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦেāĻˇāĻŖাāĻি āĻšāĻ¯āĻ°āĻ¤ āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āĻ¸া। āĻ āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻ্āĻ¤ি āĻ āĻāĻ¨āĻāĻŖেāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে āĻ¯োāĻাāĻ¯োāĻেāĻ° āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇাāĻŽূāĻ˛āĻ āĻ¨িāĻĻāĻ°্āĻļāĻ¨āĻুāĻ˛ি āĻ āĻ¨ুāĻ¸āĻ¨্āĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°াāĻ° āĻāĻ¨্āĻ¯ investigate
āĻšāĻ¯āĻ°āĻ¤ āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇাāĻ° āĻুāĻ°ুāĻ¤্āĻŦāĻে āĻুāĻ°ুāĻ¤্āĻŦ āĻĻিāĻ¯়েāĻিāĻ˛েāĻ¨। āĻŽাāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻāĻ¤িāĻšাāĻ¸েāĻ° āĻāĻ¤িāĻšাāĻ¸ে, āĻāĻŽāĻ°া āĻāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨āĻেāĻ āĻুāĻŦ āĻāĻŽāĻ āĻĒেāĻ˛াāĻŽ āĻ¯িāĻ¨ি āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇাāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤ি āĻ¸েāĻ āĻŽুāĻšুāĻ°্āĻ¤েāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤ি āĻুāĻ°ুāĻ¤্āĻŦাāĻ°োāĻĒ āĻāĻ°েāĻিāĻ˛েāĻ¨। āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛াāĻŽী āĻ°াāĻˇ্āĻ্āĻ°েāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°্āĻŦোāĻ্āĻ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻšিāĻ¸াāĻŦে āĻ¤িāĻ¨ি āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇাāĻে āĻĒুāĻ°ুāĻˇ āĻŦা āĻŽāĻšিāĻ˛া āĻ¸āĻāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻĻাāĻ¯়āĻŦāĻĻ্āĻ§ āĻŦāĻ˛ে āĻোāĻˇāĻŖা āĻāĻ°েāĻিāĻ˛েāĻ¨। āĻŦাāĻ§্āĻ¯āĻ¤াāĻŽূāĻ˛āĻ āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇাāĻ° āĻāĻĨা āĻŦāĻ˛া āĻāĻŽাāĻĻেāĻ° āĻāĻ§ুāĻ¨িāĻāĻ¤াāĻŦাāĻĻীāĻĻেāĻ° āĻāĻĻ্āĻাāĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻ¯়। āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āĻŽāĻĻীāĻ¨া āĻ¸িāĻি āĻ¸্āĻেāĻ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤িāĻˇ্āĻ াāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°াāĻ¯় āĻ āĻŦিāĻ˛āĻŽ্āĻŦে āĻāĻি āĻŦাāĻ§্āĻ¯āĻ¤াāĻŽূāĻ˛āĻ āĻোāĻˇāĻŖা āĻāĻ°েāĻিāĻ˛েāĻ¨। āĻŽেāĻĄেāĻ¨িāĻ¸্āĻিāĻ āĻ°েāĻিāĻŽ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤িāĻˇ্āĻ াāĻ° āĻāĻেāĻŦাāĻ°ে āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻ¤ীāĻ¯় āĻŦāĻāĻ°েāĻ āĻŦাāĻ§্āĻ¯āĻ¤াāĻŽূāĻ˛āĻ āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇা āĻ¸ংāĻ্āĻ°াāĻ¨্āĻ¤ āĻ¤াঁāĻ° āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻি āĻ¤াāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸্āĻ¤ āĻোāĻ° āĻĻিāĻ¯়ে āĻāĻŦং āĻ¨āĻŦāĻাāĻ¤āĻ āĻ°াāĻˇ্āĻ্āĻ°েāĻ° āĻĒāĻ্āĻˇে āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻāĻŦ āĻļāĻ্āĻ¤ি āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¯়োāĻ āĻāĻ°ে āĻাāĻ°্āĻ¯āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ°া āĻļুāĻ°ু āĻāĻ°ে। āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻāĻি āĻŦাāĻ¸্āĻ¤āĻŦ āĻŦাāĻ¸্āĻ¤āĻŦāĻŦাāĻĻীāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ো āĻ¤িāĻ¨ি āĻ¤াঁāĻ° āĻ˛োāĻāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ¤াāĻĻেāĻ°āĻে ‘āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ āĻ¯া āĻোāĻ¨āĻ āĻাāĻে āĻāĻ¸ে āĻ¨া’ āĻĨেāĻে āĻŦাঁāĻাāĻ¨োāĻ° āĻāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻ¤āĻ°্āĻ āĻāĻ°েāĻিāĻ˛েāĻ¨। āĻ āĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻāĻĨাāĻ¯়, āĻ¤িāĻ¨ি āĻāĻĒāĻ¨াāĻে āĻুঁāĻি āĻĨেāĻে āĻাāĻ°্āĻ¨েāĻ˛āĻি āĻĒৃāĻĨāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻāĻŦং āĻĒāĻĻাāĻ°্āĻĨāĻে āĻাāĻ¯়া āĻĨেāĻে āĻāĻ˛াāĻĻা āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻŦāĻ˛েāĻিāĻ˛েāĻ¨। āĻāĻŦং āĻĒ্āĻ°াāĻ°্āĻĨāĻ¨া āĻāĻ°ুāĻ¨, āĻāĻ āĻŽāĻšাāĻ¨ āĻŦিāĻĒ্āĻ˛āĻŦীāĻ° āĻĻৃāĻˇ্āĻিāĻ° āĻ¨িঃāĻļ্āĻŦাāĻ¸ āĻ¤াāĻাāĻ। āĻ¤িāĻ¨ি āĻ¯েāĻĻিāĻেāĻ āĻ¤া āĻĒেāĻ¯়ে āĻ¯াāĻŦেāĻ¨ āĻ¸েāĻাāĻ¨ āĻĨেāĻে āĻ¸āĻĻ্āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻāĻ°াāĻ° āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻĻেāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻĒāĻ°াāĻŽāĻ°্āĻļ āĻĻেāĻ¨ āĻ¯ে āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻŽুāĻŽিāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ§āĻ¨-āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ āĻ¨āĻˇ্āĻ āĻšāĻ¯় āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¸ āĻ¯া āĻিāĻু āĻšোāĻ āĻ¤া āĻ āĻ°্āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°াāĻ° āĻāĻĻেāĻļ āĻĻেāĻ¯়। āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻ্āĻˇāĻŖ āĻĒāĻ°্āĻ¯āĻ¨্āĻ¤ āĻŽুāĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŽাāĻ¨āĻ°া āĻāĻ āĻĻৃāĻˇ্āĻিāĻļāĻ্āĻ¤িāĻিāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¸াāĻ° āĻ āĻŦ্āĻ¯াāĻšāĻ¤ āĻ°েāĻেāĻিāĻ˛ āĻ¤āĻ¤āĻ্āĻˇāĻŖে āĻ¤াāĻ°া āĻāĻ˛োāĻ āĻ āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇাāĻ° āĻŽāĻļাāĻ˛াāĻĻাāĻ° āĻিāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦং āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦেāĻ° āĻŦিāĻিāĻ¨্āĻ¨ āĻ¸ংāĻ¸্āĻৃāĻ¤ি āĻ āĻ¸āĻ্āĻ¯āĻ¤াāĻ° āĻŦিāĻাāĻ°েāĻ° āĻāĻĻāĻ°্āĻļ āĻšিāĻ¸াāĻŦে āĻŦিāĻŦেāĻিāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤।
āĻ¨āĻŦী āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āĻŽাāĻ¨ুāĻˇেāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻŽ্āĻ¯ āĻ āĻ্āĻ°াāĻ¤ৃāĻ¤্āĻŦ āĻোāĻˇāĻŖা āĻāĻ°েāĻিāĻ˛েāĻ¨। āĻ¤িāĻ¨ি āĻেāĻŦāĻ˛ āĻāĻি āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻাāĻ°ে āĻ¸āĻ¨্āĻ¤ুāĻˇ্āĻ āĻিāĻ˛েāĻ¨ āĻ¨া, āĻ¤āĻŦে āĻāĻি āĻ āĻ¨ুāĻļীāĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°েāĻিāĻ˛েāĻ¨। āĻ¤াঁāĻ° āĻ¨িāĻāĻāĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ¸āĻšāĻāĻ°āĻĻেāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻিāĻ˛েāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°াāĻ্āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ¨িāĻ্āĻ°ো āĻ্āĻ°ীāĻ¤āĻĻাāĻ¸, āĻŦিāĻ˛াāĻ˛; āĻ¤াঁāĻ° āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻ¤ āĻ˛েāĻĢāĻেāĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻāĻĻেāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻিāĻ˛েāĻ¨ āĻ¸াāĻ˛āĻŽাāĻ¨ āĻ¨াāĻŽে āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°াāĻ¨ী; āĻ°োāĻŽেāĻ° āĻ¤ৃāĻ¤ীāĻ¯় āĻ¸ুāĻšাāĻ¯়āĻŦেāĻ° āĻ¨াāĻŽāĻāĻ°āĻŖ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤্āĻ¯েāĻে āĻŦিāĻিāĻ¨্āĻ¨ āĻĻিāĻ, āĻিāĻ¨্āĻ¨ āĻাāĻˇা āĻāĻŦং āĻŦিāĻিāĻ¨্āĻ¨ heritageāĻ¤িāĻš্āĻ¯েāĻ° āĻĨেāĻে āĻāĻ¸ে। āĻিāĻ¨্āĻ¤ু āĻ¤াāĻĻেāĻ° āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇāĻেāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻে āĻ¤াāĻ°া āĻ¸āĻāĻ˛েāĻ āĻ¸াāĻšাāĻŦী āĻিāĻ˛, āĻŦিāĻ¨া āĻĒাāĻ°্āĻĨāĻ্āĻ¯েāĻ āĻāĻে āĻ āĻĒāĻ°েāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽাāĻ¨। āĻ°āĻ āĻ āĻĻেāĻļ āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻেāĻ° āĻŦিāĻĒ্āĻ˛āĻŦী āĻāĻŦং āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸্āĻ¤ āĻ্āĻ°াāĻ¤ৃāĻ¤্āĻŦāĻŦোāĻ§āĻে āĻ্āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻāĻ°াāĻ° āĻĒāĻĨে āĻĻাঁāĻĄ়াāĻ¯় āĻ¨ি
āĻ¨āĻŦী āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āĻŦāĻ°্āĻŖāĻ¨া āĻāĻ°েāĻেāĻ¨ āĻ¯ে āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ¨্āĻŦেāĻˇāĻŖেāĻ° āĻāĻ° āĻ¨ীāĻ¤ি āĻ āĻ¸্āĻ¤āĻ° āĻ°āĻ¯়েāĻে; āĻ¸ুāĻ¤āĻ°াং āĻ¯ে āĻেāĻ āĻāĻ āĻ¨ীāĻ¤িāĻুāĻ˛িāĻ° āĻিāĻ¤্āĻ¤িāĻ¤ে āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻ āĻাāĻ¤ীāĻ¯় āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ¨্āĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻিāĻ¤্āĻ¤িāĻ¤ে āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ°্āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻŦা āĻ āĻ¨ুāĻ¸āĻ¨্āĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻšāĻ¯় āĻ¸ে āĻāĻি āĻ āĻ°্āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻšāĻ¯়। āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻি āĻāĻ¸্āĻ¯ুāĻি āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇাāĻ°্āĻĨীāĻĻেāĻ° āĻāĻŦং āĻ¯াāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ āĻ°āĻ¯়েāĻে āĻ¤াāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨্āĻ¤āĻ°ে āĻāĻিāĻে āĻাāĻ˛িāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°াāĻ° āĻāĻļাāĻ¯় āĻোāĻ° āĻĻেāĻāĻ¯়া āĻšāĻ¯়েāĻিāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻি āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯়েāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে āĻ¸াāĻĨে āĻĒāĻ°্āĻ¯াāĻ¯়āĻ্āĻ°āĻŽে āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨āĻে āĻুāĻāĻ°ো āĻুāĻāĻ°ো āĻāĻ°ে āĻ āĻ°্āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°া। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨āĻি āĻŦিāĻ্āĻ¯াāĻ¤ āĻāĻ˛েāĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ¨ে āĻļিāĻšাāĻŦ āĻāĻ¯-āĻুāĻšāĻ°ি āĻŦāĻ˛েāĻিāĻ˛েāĻ¨, "āĻ¯ে āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻ্āĻ¤ি āĻāĻāĻŦাāĻ°ে āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ°্āĻāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ˛āĻ্āĻˇ্āĻ¯ āĻ°াāĻে, āĻ¸ে āĻ¤াāĻে āĻāĻāĻ¸াāĻĨে āĻেāĻĄ়ে āĻĻেāĻŦে। āĻŦāĻ°ং āĻĻিāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦং āĻ°াāĻ¤ āĻĒেāĻ°িāĻ¯়ে āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ°্āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°া āĻāĻিāĻ¤" āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇাāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤ি āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻেāĻ° āĻāĻ্āĻ°āĻšāĻ āĻšāĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে "āĻ¤াāĻŦāĻাāĻ¤" -āĻ¤ে āĻāĻŦāĻ¨ে āĻ¸া'āĻĻেāĻ° āĻāĻĻ্āĻ§ৃāĻ¤ি āĻ āĻ¨ুāĻ¸াāĻ°ে theāĻ¤িāĻš্āĻ¯ āĻĨেāĻে āĻŦিāĻাāĻ° āĻāĻ°ুāĻ¨ āĻ¯ে āĻŦāĻĻāĻ°েāĻ° āĻ¯ুāĻĻ্āĻ§ে āĻŽāĻ্āĻা āĻŦāĻ¨্āĻĻীāĻĻেāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§্āĻ¯ে āĻ āĻ¨েāĻেāĻ āĻিāĻ˛েāĻ¨ āĻ¯াāĻ°া āĻ¤াāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ¸্āĻŦাāĻ§ীāĻ¨āĻ¤াāĻ° āĻāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻ āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻĻিāĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°েāĻ¨āĻ¨ি; āĻāĻ° āĻ¤াāĻĻেāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§্āĻ¯ে āĻ¸াāĻ্āĻˇāĻ°āĻĻেāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŦী āĻāĻŽāĻĒāĻ্āĻˇে āĻĻāĻļ āĻāĻ¨ āĻ¨িāĻ°āĻ্āĻˇāĻ° āĻŽুāĻ¸āĻ˛িāĻŽ āĻļিāĻļুāĻে āĻŽুāĻ্āĻ¤িāĻĒāĻŖ āĻšিāĻ¸াāĻŦে āĻĒāĻĄ়াāĻ¨োāĻ° āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻĻিāĻ¯়েāĻিāĻ˛েāĻ¨। āĻাāĻ¯়েāĻĻ āĻŦিāĻ¨ āĻĨাāĻŦিāĻ¤, āĻ¯িāĻ¨ি āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻোāĻ°াāĻ¨ীāĻ¯় āĻ āĻŦāĻ¤াāĻ°āĻŖাāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨্āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ˛েāĻāĻ āĻšিāĻ¸াāĻŦে āĻ্āĻ¯াāĻ¤ি āĻ āĻ°্āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°েāĻিāĻ˛েāĻ¨, āĻ¤িāĻ¨ি āĻāĻাāĻŦে āĻĒāĻĄ়āĻ¤ে āĻāĻŦং āĻ˛িāĻāĻ¤ে āĻļিāĻেāĻিāĻ˛েāĻ¨। āĻāĻাāĻ āĻāĻ˛্āĻ˛েāĻāĻ¯োāĻ্āĻ¯ āĻ¯ে, āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āĻŦিāĻĻেāĻļী āĻাāĻˇা āĻļেāĻাāĻ° āĻāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¸াāĻšিāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°েāĻিāĻ˛েāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦং āĻ¤াāĻ āĻাāĻ¯়েāĻĻ āĻŦিāĻ¨ āĻĨাāĻŦিāĻ¤ āĻĒাāĻ°āĻ¸্āĻ¯, āĻ্āĻ°ীāĻ, āĻāĻĨিāĻāĻĒীāĻ¯়, āĻāĻ°াāĻŽাāĻāĻ āĻāĻŦং āĻšিāĻŦ্āĻ°ু āĻাāĻˇাāĻ āĻļিāĻāĻ¤েāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ˛ে āĻ্āĻ¯াāĻ¤িāĻŽাāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¯়। āĻāĻāĻ.āĻ. "HistoryāĻ¤িāĻšাāĻ¸িāĻ āĻ˛েāĻাāĻ° āĻāĻ¤িāĻšাāĻ¸েāĻ° āĻŦাāĻ°্āĻ¨ে" āĻŦাāĻ°্āĻ¨āĻ¸ (āĻāĻāĻ˛াāĻšোāĻŽা, 1937, āĻĒৃāĻˇ্āĻ া 93), "āĻŦিāĻিāĻ¨্āĻ¨ āĻĻিāĻ āĻĨেāĻে āĻŽāĻ§্āĻ¯āĻ¯ুāĻেāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°্āĻŦাāĻ§িāĻ āĻāĻ¨্āĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ্āĻ¯āĻ¤া āĻ্āĻ°িāĻ¸্āĻাāĻ¨ āĻ¸ংāĻ¸্āĻৃāĻ¤ি āĻিāĻ˛ āĻ¨া, āĻŦāĻ°ং āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦাāĻ¸েāĻ° āĻ˛োāĻāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ্āĻ¯āĻ¤া āĻিāĻ˛ āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛াāĻŽ। "
āĻšāĻ¯āĻ°āĻ¤ āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ (āĻ¸া।) - āĻāĻ° āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇাāĻ āĻ¨ীāĻে āĻĻেāĻāĻ¯়া āĻšāĻ¯়েāĻে:
* āĻাāĻ¨াāĻ° āĻāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻāĻŦুāĻ˛ āĻĨেāĻে āĻāĻŦāĻ°ে āĻ¸āĻ¨্āĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ুāĻ¨।
* āĻāĻ˛েāĻŽেāĻ° āĻাāĻ˛ি āĻļāĻšীāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ°āĻ্āĻ¤েāĻ° āĻেāĻ¯়ে āĻĒāĻŦিāĻ¤্āĻ°।
* āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ°্āĻāĻ¨ āĻš'āĻ˛ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤িāĻি āĻŽুāĻ¸āĻ˛িāĻŽ, āĻ¨āĻ°-āĻ¨াāĻ°ীāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻāĻ°্āĻ¤āĻŦ্āĻ¯ is
* āĻ¸ে āĻŽাāĻ°া āĻ¯াāĻ¯় āĻ¨া, āĻ¯ে āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇা āĻ্āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻāĻ°ে।
* āĻĒুāĻ°ুāĻˇāĻĻেāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§্āĻ¯ে āĻ¸āĻŦāĻেāĻ¯়ে āĻাāĻ°াāĻĒ āĻ˛োāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻাāĻ°াāĻĒ āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇিāĻ¤ āĻŽাāĻ¨ুāĻˇ āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻাāĻ˛ āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇিāĻ¤ āĻŽাāĻ¨ুāĻˇāĻ āĻ¸āĻŦāĻেāĻ¯়ে āĻ¸েāĻ°া।
* āĻŦিāĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ¨āĻĻেāĻ° āĻāĻĨা āĻļোāĻ¨াāĻ° āĻāĻŦং āĻŦিāĻ্āĻাāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻĒাāĻ েāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤ি āĻ āĻ¨ুāĻļীāĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°া āĻ§āĻ°্āĻŽীāĻ¯় āĻ āĻ¨ুāĻļীāĻ˛āĻ¨েāĻ° āĻেāĻ¯়ে āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¤āĻŽ।
* āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ°্āĻāĻ¨; āĻāĻি āĻŽাāĻ˛িāĻāĻে āĻ¸āĻ িāĻ āĻĨেāĻে āĻুāĻ˛ āĻĨেāĻে āĻāĻ˛াāĻĻা āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻ¸āĻ্āĻˇāĻŽ āĻāĻ°ে; āĻāĻি āĻāĻŽাāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ¸ুāĻেāĻ° āĻĻিāĻে āĻĒāĻ°িāĻাāĻ˛িāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ে; āĻāĻি āĻāĻŽাāĻĻেāĻ° āĻĻুāĻ°্āĻĻāĻļাāĻ্āĻ°āĻ¸্āĻĨ āĻāĻ°ে āĻ¤োāĻ˛ে; āĻāĻি āĻŦāĻ¨্āĻ§ুāĻĻেāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§্āĻ¯ে āĻāĻāĻি āĻ āĻ˛āĻ্āĻাāĻ° āĻāĻŦং āĻļāĻ¤্āĻ°ুāĻĻেāĻ° āĻŦিāĻ°ুāĻĻ্āĻ§ে āĻāĻāĻি āĻŦāĻ°্āĻŽ।
* āĻ āĻ¤িāĻ°িāĻ্āĻ¤ āĻĒ্āĻ°াāĻ°্āĻĨāĻ¨া āĻāĻ°াāĻ° āĻেāĻ¯়ে āĻ āĻ¤িāĻ°িāĻ্āĻ¤ āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨āĻ āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¤āĻŽ।
* āĻ¯ে āĻŦিāĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ¨āĻĻেāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻŽাāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ে, āĻāĻŽাāĻে āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻŽাāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ে।
* āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ী āĻ˛োāĻ āĻļāĻ¯়āĻ¤াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ°ে āĻšাāĻাāĻ° āĻ āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ āĻāĻĒাāĻ¸āĻ āĻ āĻĒেāĻ্āĻˇা āĻŦেāĻļি āĻļāĻ্āĻ¤।
* āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ্āĻ āĻāĻĒাāĻ¸āĻেāĻ° āĻেāĻ¯়ে āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ী āĻ˛োāĻেāĻ° āĻļ্āĻ°েāĻˇ্āĻ āĻ¤্āĻŦ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸্āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻ্āĻˇāĻ¤্āĻ°েāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ°ে āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŖিāĻŽাāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ো।
* āĻ˛োāĻেāĻ°া āĻ¸োāĻ¨াāĻ° āĻ āĻ°ৌāĻĒ্āĻ¯েāĻ° āĻāĻ¨িāĻুāĻ˛িāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ো। āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛াāĻŽে āĻ¤াāĻĻেāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§্āĻ¯ে āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻļ্āĻ°েāĻˇ্āĻ āĻ¤াāĻ°া āĻ¯াāĻ°া āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ°্āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ে।
* āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ āĻļুāĻ§ুāĻŽাāĻ¤্āĻ° āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇাāĻ° āĻŽাāĻ§্āĻ¯āĻŽে āĻŦāĻাāĻ¯় āĻ°াāĻা āĻšāĻ¯়।
* āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ীāĻ°া āĻšāĻ˛েāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŦীāĻĻেāĻ° āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¤āĻ°াāĻ§িāĻাāĻ°ী। āĻ¤াāĻĻেāĻ° āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¤āĻ°াāĻ§িāĻাāĻ° āĻšিāĻ¸াāĻŦে āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ āĻ°āĻ¯়েāĻে; āĻāĻŦং āĻ¯াāĻ° āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¤āĻ°াāĻ§িāĻাāĻ° āĻ¸ূāĻ¤্āĻ°ে āĻ¤িāĻ¨ি āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¤āĻ°াāĻ§িāĻাāĻ° āĻ¸ূāĻ¤্āĻ°ে āĻĒাāĻ¨।
* āĻ āĻ্āĻāĻ¤াāĻ° āĻāĻāĻŽাāĻ¤্āĻ° āĻ¨িāĻ°াāĻŽāĻ¯় āĻিāĻ্āĻাāĻ¸া āĻāĻ°া।
* āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ˛েāĻŽেāĻ° āĻāĻ āĻšাāĻাāĻ° āĻ§āĻ°্āĻŽāĻĒ্āĻ°াāĻŖ āĻĒুāĻ°ুāĻˇেāĻ° āĻেāĻ¯়ে āĻļāĻ¯়āĻ¤াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻŦেāĻļি āĻ্āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤া āĻ°āĻ¯়েāĻে।
āĻāĻĒāĻ¸ংāĻšাāĻ°:
āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛াāĻŽ āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ āĻিāĻ¤্āĻ¤িāĻ āĻāĻāĻি āĻ§āĻ°্āĻŽ। āĻুāĻ°āĻāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻāĻ¯়াāĻ¤āĻি āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻ¯়াāĻ¤ āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŖ āĻ¯া āĻŽাāĻ¨ুāĻˇāĻে āĻ¤াāĻ° āĻŦুāĻĻ্āĻ§ি āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ে, āĻিāĻ¨্āĻ¤া āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ে, āĻিāĻ¨্āĻ¤া āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻāĻŦং āĻাāĻ¨াāĻ° āĻāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°āĻŖ āĻাāĻ¨িāĻ¯়েāĻিāĻ˛, āĻাāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŽাāĻ¨ুāĻˇেāĻ° āĻীāĻŦāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ˛āĻ্āĻˇ্āĻ¯ āĻšāĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻ¤্āĻ¯āĻে āĻāĻŦিāĻˇ্āĻাāĻ° āĻāĻ°া āĻ¯া GodāĻļ্āĻŦāĻ°āĻে āĻāĻāĻāĻাāĻŦে āĻāĻĒাāĻ¸āĻ¨া āĻāĻ°া āĻাāĻĄ়া āĻāĻ° āĻিāĻুāĻ āĻ¨āĻ¯়। āĻšাāĻĻীāĻ¸ āĻ¸াāĻšিāĻ¤্āĻ¯েāĻ āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻুāĻ°ুāĻ¤্āĻŦেāĻ° āĻāĻ˛্āĻ˛েāĻ āĻ°āĻ¯়েāĻে। āĻ¨āĻŦী (āĻ¸া।) - āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ āĻāĻ্āĻ¤িāĻি "āĻāĻŦুāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻাāĻে āĻāĻŦāĻ°ে āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻ¨্āĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ুāĻ¨", (āĻšাāĻĻীāĻ¸) āĻāĻŦং "āĻ¸āĻ¤্āĻ¯āĻ āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ˛োāĻেāĻ°া āĻ¨āĻŦীāĻĻেāĻ° āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¤āĻ°াāĻ§িāĻাāĻ°ী"। āĻ¨āĻŦী āĻ¤াঁāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻšাāĻŦীāĻĻেāĻ° āĻāĻĨা āĻ āĻাāĻে āĻ¸ুāĻ¨্āĻ¨াāĻ¤ āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇা āĻĻিāĻ¤েāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦং āĻ¤াāĻĻেāĻ°āĻে āĻ¤া āĻ āĻ¨ুāĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°াāĻ° āĻāĻš্āĻŦাāĻ¨ āĻাāĻ¨িāĻ¯়েāĻিāĻ˛েāĻ¨, āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨āĻি āĻ¤িāĻ¨ি āĻ¤াঁāĻ° āĻšাāĻĻীāĻ¸ে āĻŦāĻ˛েāĻেāĻ¨: “āĻāĻŽাāĻ° āĻ¸ুāĻ¨্āĻ¨াāĻšāĻে āĻŽাāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°ুāĻ¨” āĻāĻŦং “āĻ¯ে āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻ্āĻ¤ি āĻāĻŽাāĻ° āĻ¸ুāĻ¨্āĻ¨াāĻ¤āĻে āĻ āĻŦāĻšেāĻ˛া āĻāĻ°āĻŦে āĻ¸ে āĻāĻŽাāĻ°āĻ āĻ¨āĻ¯়।” ‘āĻāĻŦāĻĻুāĻ˛্āĻ˛াāĻš āĻāĻŦāĻ¨ে āĻŽাāĻ¸āĻāĻĻ āĻŦāĻ°্āĻŖāĻ¨া āĻāĻ°েāĻেāĻ¨ āĻ¯ে, āĻšāĻ¯āĻ°āĻ¤ āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āĻŦāĻ˛েāĻেāĻ¨:“ āĻāĻ˛্āĻ˛াāĻš āĻāĻŽাāĻ° āĻāĻে āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻোāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŦীāĻে āĻĒ্āĻ°েāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°েāĻ¨āĻ¨ি, āĻ¤āĻŦে āĻ¤াঁāĻ° āĻাāĻ¤িāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§্āĻ¯ āĻĨেāĻেāĻ āĻ¤াঁāĻ° āĻļিāĻˇ্āĻ¯ āĻāĻŦং āĻ¤াঁāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻšাāĻŦী āĻিāĻ˛েāĻ¨ āĻ¯াāĻ°া āĻ¤াঁāĻ° āĻ¸ুāĻ¨্āĻ¨াāĻš āĻ āĻ¨ুāĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°েāĻিāĻ˛েāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦং āĻ¤াঁāĻ° āĻāĻĻেāĻļ āĻĒাāĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°েāĻেāĻ¨। ” (āĻŽুāĻ¸āĻ˛িāĻŽ āĻĨেāĻে āĻŦāĻ°্āĻŖিāĻ¤, āĻ¨ং .ā§§। āĻ¨āĻŦী āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āĻুāĻ°āĻāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ¨ুāĻ¸াāĻ°ে āĻীāĻŦāĻ¨āĻ¯াāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤েāĻ¨, āĻ¤িāĻ¨ি āĻিāĻ˛েāĻ¨ āĻুāĻ°āĻāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛ āĻেāĻ¤āĻ¨া। āĻ āĻাāĻ°āĻŖেāĻ āĻ āĻ¨্āĻ¯āĻ°া āĻ¤াঁāĻ° āĻāĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ āĻ¨ুāĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻŦে āĻāĻŦং āĻাāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ˛্āĻ˛াāĻš āĻŽাāĻ¨ুāĻˇāĻে āĻāĻĻেāĻļ āĻāĻ°েāĻেāĻ¨ it āĻ˛āĻ্āĻˇ্āĻ¯ āĻিāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻŦীāĻি āĻ ieāĻŽাāĻ¨āĻĻাāĻ°āĻāĻŖেāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻšাāĻŦীāĻĻেāĻ° āĻীāĻŦāĻ¨āĻ¯াāĻ¤্āĻ°াāĻে āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻ āĻĒāĻĨ āĻ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŽ্āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°া āĻ¯া āĻ¸āĻ¤্āĻ¯িāĻাāĻ°েāĻ° āĻŽুāĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŽাāĻ¨ āĻিāĻ˛। āĻ¨āĻŦী āĻেāĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻুāĻ°ুāĻ¤্āĻŦ āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻĒāĻ°্āĻে āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻাāĻ° āĻāĻ°েāĻ¨āĻ¨ি, āĻ¤িāĻ¨ি āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻাāĻ°েāĻ° āĻāĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ āĻĻিāĻ¯়েāĻিāĻ˛েāĻ¨। āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽāĻĻিāĻে āĻŽুāĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŽাāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦাāĻ¸ী āĻŦা āĻŽāĻ্āĻাāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§্āĻ¯ে āĻ¯ুāĻĻ্āĻ§, āĻ¯ে āĻŦāĻĻāĻ°েāĻ° āĻ¯ুāĻĻ্āĻ§ āĻšিāĻ¸াāĻŦে āĻĒāĻ°িāĻিāĻ¤, āĻŽুāĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŽাāĻ¨āĻ°া āĻŦিāĻāĻ¯় āĻ āĻ°্āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ে āĻāĻŦং āĻ¸āĻ¤্āĻ¤āĻ°āĻāĻ¨ āĻুāĻĢাāĻ°āĻে āĻ¯ুāĻĻ্āĻ§āĻŦāĻ¨্āĻĻী āĻšিāĻ¸াāĻŦে āĻ§āĻ°েāĻিāĻ˛।āĻ¨āĻŦী āĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ°া āĻ°āĻিāĻ¤ āĻĒাঁāĻ§া āĻŽুāĻ্āĻ¤ি āĻĻেāĻāĻ¯়াāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨্āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻŽাāĻ¨āĻĻāĻŖ্āĻĄ āĻিāĻ˛, āĻ¯াāĻ°া āĻাāĻ°াāĻাāĻ°ে āĻļিāĻ্āĻˇিāĻ¤ āĻিāĻ˛ āĻ¤াāĻĻেāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§্āĻ¯ে। āĻĻāĻļ āĻāĻ¨ āĻŽুāĻ¸āĻ˛েāĻŽ āĻŦাāĻ্āĻাāĻে āĻীāĻাāĻŦে āĻĒāĻĄ়āĻ¤ে āĻāĻŦং āĻ˛িāĻāĻ¤ে āĻšāĻ¯় āĻ¤া āĻļিāĻিāĻ¯়ে āĻĻিāĻ˛ে āĻ¤াāĻ°া āĻ¸্āĻŦাāĻ§ীāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°āĻ¤। āĻšāĻ¯āĻ°āĻ¤ āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āĻ¸াāĻ˛্āĻ˛াāĻ˛্āĻ˛াāĻšু āĻāĻ˛াāĻāĻšি āĻāĻ¯়াāĻ¸াāĻ˛্āĻ˛াāĻŽ āĻŦāĻ˛েāĻেāĻ¨: "āĻ¯āĻĻি āĻেāĻ āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ¨্āĻ§াāĻ¨ে āĻ°াāĻ¸্āĻ¤াāĻ¯় āĻ¯াāĻ¤াāĻ¯়াāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ে āĻ¤āĻŦে GodāĻļ্āĻŦāĻ° āĻ¤াāĻে āĻāĻ āĻĒāĻĨে āĻ্āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻŦাāĻ§্āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻŦেāĻ¨। āĻাāĻ¨্āĻ¨াāĻ¤েāĻ° āĻ°াāĻ¸্āĻ¤াāĻুāĻ˛ি, āĻĢেāĻ°েāĻļāĻ¤াāĻ°া āĻ¤াāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ¨ীāĻু āĻāĻ°ে āĻĻেāĻŦে āĻ¯িāĻ¨ি āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ āĻাāĻ¨ āĻ¤াāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে āĻ¤াāĻĻেāĻ° āĻŽāĻšাāĻ¨ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¨্āĻĻে āĻĄাāĻ¨া āĻŽেāĻ˛ে। āĻāĻাāĻļ āĻ āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāĻ° āĻŦাāĻ¸িāĻ¨্āĻĻাāĻ°া āĻāĻŦং (āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻি) āĻāĻীāĻ° āĻāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻŽাāĻāĻুāĻ˛ি āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨িāĻ¤ āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻ্āĻ¤িāĻ° āĻāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻ্āĻˇāĻŽা āĻĒ্āĻ°াāĻ°্āĻĨāĻ¨া āĻāĻ°āĻŦে। āĻ§āĻ°্āĻŽāĻāĻ্āĻ¤āĻĻেāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ°্āĻāĻ¨āĻাāĻ°ীāĻĻেāĻ° āĻļ্āĻ°েāĻˇ্āĻ āĻ¤্āĻŦ āĻš'āĻ˛ āĻাঁāĻĻেāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ো, āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻি āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŖ āĻšāĻ¯়, āĻ¤āĻāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸্āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻ্āĻˇāĻ¤্āĻ°েāĻ° āĻেāĻ¯়ে। āĻŦিāĻĻ্āĻŦাāĻ¨āĻ°া āĻšāĻ˛েāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŦী-āĻ°াāĻ¸ূāĻ˛āĻāĻŖেāĻ° āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¤āĻ°াāĻ§িāĻাāĻ°ী āĻāĻŦং āĻ¨āĻŦী-āĻ°াāĻ¸ূāĻ˛āĻāĻŖ āĻāĻ˛ে āĻ¯াāĻ¨ (āĻোāĻ¨āĻ āĻāĻ°্āĻĨিāĻ āĻāĻ¤্āĻ¤āĻ°াāĻ§িāĻাāĻ° āĻ¨েāĻ), āĻ¤াāĻ°া āĻেāĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ্āĻাāĻ¨ āĻ°েāĻে āĻ¯াāĻ¯় āĻāĻŦং āĻ¯ে āĻ্āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻāĻ°ে āĻ¸ে āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻুāĻ° āĻ ংāĻļ āĻ¨েāĻ¯়।
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