In the name of Allah, The Most Merciful, The Most Beneficent
Prophet Muhammad (Pbuh) and Education
Introduction:
Islam has, from its inception, placed a high premium on education and has enjoyed a long and rich intellectual tradition. Knowledge ('ilm) occupies a significant position within Islam, as evidenced by the more than 800 references to it in Islam's most revered book, the Holy Quran.
The importance of education is repeatedly emphasized in the Koran with frequent injunctions, such as "God will exalt those of you who believe and those who have knowledge to high degrees" (58:11), "O my Lord! Increase me in knowledge" (20:114), and "As God has taught him, so let him write" (2:282). Such verses provide a forceful stimulus for the Islamic community to strive for education and learning. It places great stress on seeking knowledge and education. Generally speaking, one can't find the proper right path in this world, this is true in all times and places. Knowledge is very important for two reasons. Firstly, it makes the man a right thinker; no one can think properly without having a fair amount of education. It also helps man to take the right decision. Secondly, Knowledge is that only through gaining many levels of education, man is able to gain more information from the external world. In fact, Islam called upon seeking out knowledge on all the levels. The first word of the Qur`an, revealed by God to prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was read, which highlights the importance of science and learning. The prophet (PBUH) said: seeking knowledge is a compulsory on every Muslim.The Importance of Education in
Islam:
To seek knowledge is a sacred duty;
it is obligatory on every Muslim, male and female. The first word revealed of
the Qur?an was "Iqra" READ! Seek knowledge! Educate yourselves! Be
educated. Surah Al-Zumr, ayah 9 reveals: "Are those equal, those who know
and those who do not know?" Surah Al-Baqarah, ayah 269 reveals:
"Allah grants wisdom to whom He pleases and to whom wisdom is granted
indeed he receives an overflowing benefit."
Education in the context of Islam
is regarded as a process that involves the complete person, including the
rational, spiritual, and social dimensions. As noted by Syed Muhammad al-Naquib
al-Attas in 1979, the comprehensive and integrated approach to education in
Islam is directed toward the "balanced growth of the total
personality…through training Man's spirit, intellect, rational self, feelings
and bodily senses…such that faith is infused into the whole of his
personality" (p. 158). In Islamic educational theory knowledge is gained
in order to actualize and perfect all dimensions of the human being. From an
Islamic perspective the highest and most useful model of perfection is the
prophet Muhammad, and the goal of Islamic education is that people be able to
live as he lived. To ascertain truth by reason alone is restrictive, according
to Islam, because spiritual and temporal reality are two sides of the same
sphere. Many Muslim educationists argue that favoring reason at the expense of
spirituality interferes with balanced growth. Exclusive training of the
intellect, for example, is inadequate in developing and refining elements of
love, kindness, compassion, and selflessness, which have an altogether
spiritual ambiance and can be engaged only by processes of spiritual training.
Education in Islam is twofold:
acquiring intellectual knowledge (through the application of reason and logic)
and developing spiritual knowledge (derived from divine revelation and
spiritual experience). According to the worldview of Islam, provision in
education must be made equally for both. Acquiring knowledge in Islam is not
intended as an end but as a means to stimulate a more elevated moral and
spiritual consciousness, leading to faith and righteous action.
The Holy
Koran is no barren in this context. In Quran alone there are 704 verses in
which either the word ilm or the words of the same derivation are used in the
following order:- a'lam 49 times, al-ilm 80 times, a'lamu 11 times, alim 162
times, a'lim 13 times, ilman 14 times, i'lamu 27 times, ma'lum and ma'lumat 13
times, ya'lamun 85 times, ya'lamu 93 times, ta'lamun 56 times. Pen and books
are essential aids of knowledge, and for them, the qalam occurs 2 times and
al-kitab 230 times. In addition, a number of words related to writing, like
kataba, katabna, kutiba, katib, yaktubu, naktubu are used in a number of
verses. The total number of the Koranic verses using the words related to
writing is 319, and the word kitab for the Koran is used on 81 different
occasions. This is enough to show to what extent knowledge and the means of its
acquisition are emphasized in the Quran that had been excellently elaborated in
the precious sayings of Muhammad.
Practical Educational Principles in
Islam:
1. Evaluation of Educational
Materials:
The content of education is
evaluated in a way that assure avoiding extremism which may terminate in bodily
harms, or even sometimes psychological abnormalities.
2. Encouraging the Sense of
Self-respect:
In Islamic education methods
stimulate educator to develop a sense of self-respect. A teacher, therefore,
should make his students aware of the facts around them. A teacher and educator
should also consider students as trusts of God, entrusted to him/her in order
to be taught the best material by the best method and to be trained in the best
manner.
3. Attentiveness toward
freedom in action:
Giving the attention to the
role of “free choice” in the human motion toward perfection, instructions are
given the opportunity for freedom in action, instead of pushing him/her into
passivity.
4. Observing the principle of
graduality:
Considering graduality of human progress
whethe atural or acquired into account, a teacher has to be aware about what
the students’ age and natural/social factors necessitate. Accordingly, teacher
has to try to elevate the instructed gradually and step by step, without
expecting swift and sudden jumps.
5. Flexibility:
Since individual and group
differ, the observation of flexibility is a must in both programming curriculum
and its enforcement.
6. Giving priority to what is
more important:
Educators play a significant
role in growing young students and enhancing their potentialities. They have to
take the expedience of each and every learner into account, as well as what is
suitable for the whole of the Islamic society and the human society in general.
Therefore, planners of curriculum and teachers should steer clear of programs
and courses that waste time or record low compared to superior goals. Also,
they have to pay more attention to the effective issues concerning with human
eternal well-being and teach them more suitably.
7. Natural and social
knowledge:
Islam pays more attention to
students' age and mental requirements as well as society’s needs and
possibilities before introducing natural, mathematical, and social sciences to
a curriculum.
The teachings of Islam
encourage people to pursue knowledge; and hold people of knowledge in highly
remarkable place.
Prophet
Muhammad & his theories of Education:
Prophet Muhammad pattern of
educational communication with his family, friends, followers and enemies
enabled him to increase his support and to strengthen his position to deliver
his message of Islam. Over twenty-three years of delivering the call of Allah
(God in Arabic), Prophet Muhammad developed educational communication patterns
to educate people to learn about Islam.
This research is to investigate
Prophet Muhammad educational patterns of communicating with individuals and
masses.
The Prophet Muhammad emphasized the
importance of Education. In the annals of human history, we hardly get another
man who laid that emphasis on Education as did Muhammad. As the Supreme Head of
the first Islamic State, he decreed Education as incumbent on all people, male
or female. Talk of compulsory education is not innovation of our modernists.
Muhammad had declared it compulsory almost immediately after the establishment
of the City State of Madeenah. It was in the very second year of the
establishment of the Madeenistic Regime that his Law regarding Compulsory
Education began to be implemented with all his vigour and force possible for a
nascent state. And like a practical realist he also warns his people to save
themselves from ‘knowledge which is of no use’. In other words, he asked you to
separate the kernel from the husk and to distinguish the substance from the
shadow. And pray, also look at the breath of the vision of this great
Revolutionary. He orders to take the good from everywhere one gets it and
further counsels that knowledge is the lost of wealth of a believer and
commands to acquire it whatever its source. So long as the Muslims kept up this
breadth of vision they were the torchbearers of light and learning and were
considered the norm to judge the various grades of cultures and civilizations
of the world.
The Prophet Muhammad declared
equality and brotherhood of man. He was not content with just preaching it, but
practised it. One of his closest companions was a former Negro slave, Bilaal;
one of his trusted lieutenants was an Iranian called Salmaan; to name a third
Suhayb of Rome. Each coming from different directions, of different languages,
and of different heritage. But in their Teacher's company they were all
companions, equal to each other without distinction. Color and country did not
stand in the way of Muhammad's revolutionary and all embracing brotherhood
The prophet Muhammad reported that
seeking knowledge has its principles and its stages; so whoever fails to
acquire or seek knowledge based on these principles and on this gradation of
seeking knowledge such will fail to acquire it. And this is an issue was
emphasized hoping to drive this into the hearts of the students of knowledge
and those who have knowledge, and that is to acquire knowledge piecemeal, bit
by bit, over the passage of time. As was said by the famous scholar Ibn Shihab
Az-Zuhri, "Whoever aims to acquire knowledge all at once, it will leave
him all at once. Rather knowledge should be acquired over the passage of days
and nights" Muhammad's interest in education can also be judged from the
tradition as quoted by Ibn Sa'd in "Tabaqat" that among the Meccan
prisoners taken in the battle of Badr, there were many who could not pay for
their liberty; and the literate among them however were ordered by the Prophet
to teach at least ten illiterate Muslim children as a ransom. Zaid bin Thabit,
who later one became famous as one of the scribes of the Koranic revelations,
learned reading and writing in this way. It is also worthwhile to mention that
Muhammad encouraged the learning of foreign languages, and thus Zaid bin Thabit
is also reputed to have learnt Persian, Greek, Ethiopian, Aramaic and Hebrew.
According to H.E. Barnes in "A History of Historical
Writings"(Oklahoma, 1937, p. 93), "In many ways the most advanced
civilization of the Middle Ages was not a Christian culture at all, but rather
the civilization of the people of the faith of Islam."
Prophet Muhammad's teachings are
also given below:-
* Seek knowledge from the cradle to
the grave.
* The ink of the scholar is more
holy than the blood of martyr.
* The acquisition of knowledge is a
duty incumbent on every Muslim, male and female.
* He does not die, who takes
learning.
* The worst of men is a bad learned
man, and a good learned man is the best.
* To listen to the words of the
learned and to instil into the lessons of science is better than religious
exercises.
* Acquire knowledge; it enables the
possessor to distinguish right from wrong; it guides us to happiness; it
sustains us in misery; it is an ornament among friends, and an armour against
enemies.
* Excessive knowledge is better than
excessive praying.
* Whoso honours the learned, honours
me.
* One learned man is harder on the
devil than a thousand ignorant worshippers.
* The superiority of a learned man
over an ignorant worshipper is like that of the full moon over all the stars.
* People are like mines of gold and
silver. The more excellent of them in Islam are those who attain knowledge.
* Knowledge is maintained only
through teaching.
* The learned ones are the heirs of
the prophets. They have knowledge as their inheritance; and he who inherits it,
he inherits a great fortune.
* The only cure for ignorance is to
ask.
* One scholar has more power over
the devil than a thousand devout men.
Conclusion:
Islam is a religion based upon
knowledge. The text of the Quran is replete with verses inviting man to use his
intellect, to ponder, to think and to know, for the goal of human life is to
discover the Truth which is none other than worshipping God in His Oneness. The
Hadith literature is also full of references to the importance of knowledge.
Such sayings of the Prophet as "Seek knowledge from the cradle to the
grave", (Hadith) and "Verily
the men of knowledge are the inheritors of the prophets". The
Prophet used to teach the Sunnah to his companions in word and deed, and urged
them to follow it, as he said in his hadeeth: “Adhere to my Sunnah” and
“Whoever neglects my Sunnah does not belong to me.” ‘Abd-Allaah ibn Mas’ood
narrated that the Prophet Muhammad said: “There is no Prophet whom Allaah sent
to any nation before me, but he had disciples from among his nation, and
companions who followed his Sunnah and obeyed his commands.” (Narrated by
Muslim, no. 71.The Prophet Muhammad lived according to the Qur'an, he was the
true spirit of the Qur'an. This was so that others would follow his example and
because it is the way Allah has commanded man to behave. The goal was to make
the companions of the Prophet and Believers adopt a way of life that was of a
True Muslim. The Prophet did not only preach about importance of knowledge, he
also gave examples of promoting knowledge. In the very first battle between the
Muslims and unbelievers or Mecca, known as the war of Badr, the Muslims gain
victory and caught seventy kuffars
as prisoners of war. One of the criteria of releasing the POWs devised by the
Prophet was that those who were literate among the prisoners could go free if
they teach ten Muslim children how to read and write. The
Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said: "If anyone travels on a road in
search of knowledge, God will cause him to travel on one of the roads of
Paradise. The angels will lower their wings in their great pleasure with one
who seeks knowledge. The inhabitants of the heavens and the Earth and (even)
the fish in the deep waters will ask forgiveness for the learned man. The
superiority of the learned over the devout is like that of the moon, on the
night when it is full, over the rest of the stars. The learned are the heirs of
the Prophets, and the Prophets leave (no monetary inheritance), they leave only
knowledge, and he who takes it takes an abundant portion.
ABDULLAH, ABDUL-RAHMAN SALIH. 1982.
Educational Theory: A Qur'anic Outlook. Makkah, Saudi Arabia: Umm al-Qura
University Press.
NASR, SEYYED HOSSEIN. 1984.
"The Islamic Philosophers' Views on Education." Muslim Education
Quarterly 2 (4):5–16.
SHALABY, AHMED. 1954. History of
Muslim Education. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Kashaf.
TIBAWI, ABDUL LATIF. 1972. Islamic Education.
London: Luzac.
*āĻšে āĻāĻŽাāύāĻĻাāϰāĻāĻŖ! āϤোāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āϰোāĻা āĻĢāϰāϝ āĻāϰা āĻšā§েāĻে, āϝেāϰূāĻĒ āĻĢāϰāĻ āĻāϰা āĻšā§েāĻিāϞ āϤোāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻŦāϰ্āϤী āϞোāĻāĻĻেāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ, āϝেāύ āϤোāĻŽāϰা āĻĒāϰāĻšেāϝāĻাāϰী āĻ āϰ্āĻāύ āĻāϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰ।(āϏূāϰা āĻāϞ āĻŦাāĻ্āĻŦাāϰাāĻš - ā§§ā§Žā§Š)
*āĻšে āĻāĻŽাāύāĻĻাāϰāĻāĻŖ! āϤোāĻŽāϰা āĻāϞ্āϞাāĻšāĻে āĻā§ āĻāϰো āĻāĻŦং āϏুāĻĻেāϰ āϝে āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻŦāĻেā§া āĻāĻে, āϤা āĻĒāϰিāϤ্āϝাāĻ āĻāϰো, āϝāĻĻি āϤোāĻŽāϰা āĻāĻŽাāύāĻĻাāϰ āĻšā§ে āĻĨাāĻ।(āϏূāϰা āĻāϞ āĻŦাāĻ্āĻŦাāϰাāĻš - ⧍ā§ā§Ž)
āĻšāϝāϰāϤ āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ (āϏাঃ) āĻ āĻļিāĻ্āώা
āĻূāĻŽিāĻা:
āĻāϏāϞাāĻŽ āĻļুāϰু āĻĨেāĻেāĻ āĻļিāĻ্āώাāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻāĻāĻি āĻāĻ্āĻ āĻĒ্āϰিāĻŽিāϝ়াāĻŽ āϰেāĻেāĻিāϞ āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻāĻি āĻĻীāϰ্āĻ āĻāĻŦং āϏāĻŽৃāĻĻ্āϧ āĻŦৌāĻĻ্āϧিāĻ traditionāϤিāĻš্āϝ āĻāĻĒāĻোāĻ āĻāϰেāĻে। āĻāϏāϞাāĻŽেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻ্āĻাāύ ('āĻāϞāĻŽ) āĻāĻāĻি āĻāϞ্āϞেāĻāϝোāĻ্āϝ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āύিāϝ়েāĻে, āϝেāĻŽāύāĻি āĻāϏāϞাāĻŽেāϰ āϏāϰ্āĻŦাāϧিāĻ āϏāĻŽ্āĻŽাāύিāϤ āĻ্āϰāύ্āĻĨ āĻোāϰাāύে āĻāϰ ā§Žā§Ļā§Ļ āĻিāϰāĻ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻāϞ্āϞেāĻ āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻĒ্āϰāĻŽাāĻŖিāϤ āĻšāϝ়েāĻে। āĻুāϰāĻāύে āĻŦাāϰāĻŦাāϰ āĻāĻĻেāĻļ āύিāώেāϧেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻļিāĻ্āώাāϰ āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻে āĻŦাāϰāĻŦাāϰ āĻোāϰ āĻĻেāĻāϝ়া āĻšāϝ়েāĻে, āϝেāĻŽāύ "youāĻļ্āĻŦāϰ āϤোāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϝাāϰা believeāĻŽাāύ āĻāύেāĻেāύ āĻāĻŦং āϝাāϰা āĻāĻ্āĻ āĻĄিāĻ্āϰীāϤে āĻ্āĻাāύ āϰাāĻেāύ āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻāύ্āύীāϤ āĻāϰāĻŦেāύ" (ā§Ģā§Ž:ā§§ā§§), "āĻšে āĻāĻŽাāϰ āϰāĻŦ! āĻāĻŽাāĻে āĻ্āĻাāύে āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি āĻāϰুāύ" (20: 114), āĻāĻŦং "āϝেāĻŽāύ himāĻļ্āĻŦāϰ āϤাāĻে āĻļিāĻিāϝ়েāĻেāύ, āϤাāĻ āϏে āϞিāĻুāĻ" (2: 282)। āĻ āĻাāϤীāϝ় āĻāϝ়াāϤ āĻāϏāϞাāĻŽী āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāϝ়েāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āĻļিāĻ্āώা āĻ āĻļিāĻ্āώাāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āĻĒ্āϰāϝ়াāϏ āĻোāϰ āĻোāϰ āĻāϰে। āĻāĻি āĻ্āĻাāύ āĻāĻŦং āĻļিāĻ্āώা āύেāĻāϝ়াāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻুāϰ āĻাāĻĒ āĻĻেāϝ়। āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāĻাāĻŦে āĻŦāϞāϤে āĻেāϞে, āĻāĻ āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϤে āĻেāĻ āϏāĻ িāĻ āϏāĻ িāĻ āĻĒāĻĨ āĻুঁāĻে āĻĒাāĻŦে āύা, āĻāĻি āϏāϰ্āĻŦāĻাāϞে āĻāĻŦং āĻাāϝ়āĻাāĻুāϞিāϤে āϏāϤ্āϝ। āĻ্āĻাāύ āĻĻুāĻি āĻাāϰāĻŖে āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ। āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽāϤ, āĻāĻি āĻŽাāύুāώāĻে āĻāĻāĻি āϏāĻ িāĻ āĻিāύ্āϤাāĻŦিāĻĻ āĻāϰে āϤোāϞে; āύ্āϝাāϝ্āϝ āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāĻŖে āĻĒāĻĄ়াāĻļোāύা āύা āĻāϰে āĻেāĻ āϏāĻ িāĻāĻাāĻŦে āĻিāύ্āϤা āĻāϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰে āύা। āĻāĻি āĻŽাāύুāώāĻে āϏāĻ িāĻ āϏিāĻĻ্āϧাāύ্āϤ āύিāϤে āϏাāĻšাāϝ্āϝ āĻāϰে। āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤীāϝ়āϤ, āĻ্āĻাāύ āĻš'āϞ āĻেāĻŦāϞāĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āĻŦāĻšু āϏ্āϤāϰেāϰ āĻļিāĻ্āώা āĻ āϰ্āĻāύেāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽেāĻ āĻŽাāύুāώ āĻŦাāĻš্āϝিāĻ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦ āĻĨেāĻে āĻāϰāĻ āϤāĻĨ্āϝ āĻ āϰ্āĻāύ āĻāϰāϤে āϏāĻ্āώāĻŽ āĻšāϝ়। āĻĒ্āϰāĻৃāϤāĻĒāĻ্āώে, āĻāϏāϞাāĻŽ āϏāĻāϞ āϏ্āϤāϰেāϰ āĻ্āĻাāύ āϏāύ্āϧাāύেāϰ āĻāĻš্āĻŦাāύ āĻাāύিāϝ়েāĻে। ProphetāĻļ্āĻŦāϰ āύāĻŦী āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ (āϏা।) - āĻāϰ āύিāĻāĻ āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāĻļিāϤ āĻুāϰāĻāύেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻি āĻĒāĻĄ়েāĻিāϞেāύ, āϝা āĻŦিāĻ্āĻাāύ āĻ āĻļিāĻ্āώাāϰ āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦ āϤুāϞে āϧāϰে। āύāĻŦী (āϏাঃ) āĻŦāϞেāĻেāύ: āĻ্āĻাāύ āϏāύ্āϧাāύ āĻāϰা āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝেāĻ āĻŽুāϏāϞāĻŽাāύেāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āĻŦাāϧ্āϝāϤাāĻŽূāϞāĻ।
āĻāϏāϞাāĻŽে āĻļিāĻ্āώাāϰ āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦ:
āĻ্āĻাāύ āϏāύ্āϧাāύ āĻāϰা āĻāĻāĻি āĻĒāĻŦিāϤ্āϰ āĻāϰ্āϤāĻŦ্āϝ; āĻāĻি āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻি āĻŽুāϏāϞিāĻŽ, āύāϰ-āύাāϰীāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āĻĢāϰāϝ। āĻুāϰāĻāύুāϞ āĻাāϰীāĻŽেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻি āύাāϝিāϞ āĻšāϝ়েāĻিāϞ "āĻāĻāϰা" āĻĒāĻĄ়ুāύ! āĻ্āĻাāύ āϏāύ্āϧাāύ āĻāϰুāύ! āύিāĻেāĻে āĻļিāĻ্āώিāϤ āĻāϰুāύ! āĻļিāĻ্āώিāϤ āĻšāϤ্āϤ. āϏূāϰা āĻুāĻŽāϰ, āĻāϝ়াāϤ 9 āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāĻļ āĻāϰেāĻে: "āϝাāϰা āϏāĻŽাāύ, āϝাāϰা āĻাāύে āĻāĻŦং āϝাāϰা āĻাāύে āύা āϤাāϰা āĻি āϏāĻŽাāύ?" āϏূāϰা āĻŦাāĻাāϰাāϰ ⧍ 26⧝ āύāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ āĻāϝ়াāϤে āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāĻļিāϤ āĻšāϝ়েāĻে: "āĻāϞ্āϞাāĻš āϝাāĻে āĻāĻ্āĻা āĻĒ্āϰāĻ্āĻা āĻĻাāύ āĻāϰেāύ āĻāĻŦং āϝাāĻে āĻ্āĻাāύ āĻĻাāύ āĻāϰা āĻšāϝ় āϏে āĻ āĻŦāĻļ্āϝāĻ āĻĒ্āϰāĻূāϤ āĻāĻĒāĻাāϰ āϞাāĻ āĻāϰে।"
āĻāϏāϞাāĻŽেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϏāĻ্āĻে āĻļিāĻ্āώাāĻে āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻāĻি āĻĒ্āϰāĻ্āϰিāϝ়া āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻŦিāĻŦেāĻāύা āĻāϰা āĻšāϝ় āϝাāϤে āϝুāĻ্āϤিāϝুāĻ্āϤ, āĻāϧ্āϝাāϤ্āĻŽিāĻ āĻāĻŦং āϏাāĻŽাāĻিāĻ āĻŽাāϤ্āϰা āϏāĻš āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ্āϤি āĻāĻĄ়িāϤ। āϝেāĻŽāύ āϏৈāϝ়āĻĻ āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āĻāϞ-āύাāĻিāĻŦ āĻāϞ-āĻāϤ্āϤাāϏ ⧧⧝ 1979⧝ āϏাāϞে āĻāϞ্āϞেāĻ āĻāϰেāĻেāύ, āĻāϏāϞাāĻŽেāϰ āĻļিāĻ্āώাāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āĻŦ্āϝাāĻĒāĻ āĻ āϏংāĻšāϤ āĻĒāĻĻ্āϧāϤি "āĻŽোāĻ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ্āϤিāϤ্āĻŦেāϰ āϏুāώāĻŽ āĻŦিāĻাāĻļেāϰ āĻĻিāĻে āĻĒāϰিāĻাāϞিāϤ āĻšāϝ় ... āĻĒ্āϰāĻļিāĻ্āώāĻŖেāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āĻেāϤāύা, āĻŦুāĻĻ্āϧি, āϝৌāĻ্āϤিāĻ āϏ্āĻŦ, āĻ āύুāĻূāϤি āĻāĻŦং āĻļাāϰীāϰিāĻ āϏংāĻŦেāĻĻāύ… āϝেāĻŽāύ faithāĻŽাāύ āϤাঁāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻ্āϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ্āϤিāϤ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻĒুāϰোāĻাāϤে āύিāĻŽāĻ্āύ p "(āĻĒৃāώ্āĻ া 158)। āĻāϏāϞাāĻŽী āĻļিāĻ্āώাāĻŽূāϞāĻ āϤāϤ্āϤ্āĻŦে āĻ্āĻাāύ āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻŽাāϤ্āϰা āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦাāϝ়āύ āĻāĻŦং āύিāĻুঁāϤ āĻāϰাāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āĻ āϰ্āĻāύ āĻāϰা āĻšāϝ়। āĻāϏāϞাāĻŽী āĻĻৃāώ্āĻিāĻোāĻŖ āĻĨেāĻে āĻĒāϰিāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖāϤাāϰ āϏāϰ্āĻŦোāĻ্āĻ āĻ āĻাāϰ্āϝāĻāϰ āĻŽāĻĄেāϞ āĻšāϞেāύ āύāĻŦী āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ, āĻāĻŦং āĻāϏāϞাāĻŽী āĻļিāĻ্āώাāϰ āϞāĻ্āώ্āϝ āĻš'āϞ āϞোāĻেāϰা āϤাঁāϰ āĻীāĻŦāύ āϝাāĻĒāύ āĻāϰāϤে āĻĒেāϰেāĻিāϞ। āĻāϏāϞাāĻŽেāϰ āĻŽāϤে āĻāĻাāĻ āϝুāĻ্āϤি āĻĻিāϝ়ে āϏāϤ্āϝ āύিāϰ্āϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰা āϏীāĻŽাāĻŦāĻĻ্āϧ, āĻাāϰāĻŖ āĻāϧ্āϝাāϤ্āĻŽিāĻ āĻ āϏাāĻŽāϝ়িāĻ āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦāϤা āĻāĻāĻ āĻ্āώেāϤ্āϰেāϰ āĻĻুāĻি āĻĻিāĻ। āĻ āύেāĻ āĻŽুāϏāϞিāĻŽ āĻļিāĻ্āώাāĻŦিāĻĻ āϝুāĻ্āϤি āĻĻিāϝ়েāĻিāϞেāύ āϝে āĻāϧ্āϝাāϤ্āĻŽিāĻāϤাāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāϝ়āĻে āϝুāĻ্āϤিāϝুāĻ্āϤ āĻĒāĻ্āώে āϏāĻŽāϰ্āĻĨāύ āĻāϰা āϏুāώāĻŽ āĻŦিāĻাāĻļে āĻšāϏ্āϤāĻ্āώেāĻĒ āĻāϰে। āĻāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏ্āĻŦāϰূāĻĒ, āĻŦুāĻĻ্āϧিāϰ āĻāĻāĻেāĻিāϝ়া āĻĒ্āϰāĻļিāĻ্āώāĻŖ āĻĒ্āϰেāĻŽ, āĻĻāϝ়া, āĻāϰুāĻŖা āĻāĻŦং āύিঃāϏ্āĻŦাāϰ্āĻĨāϤাāϰ āĻāĻĒাāĻĻাāύāĻুāϞিāϰ āĻŦিāĻাāĻļ āĻāĻŦং āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāϰ্āĻāύে āĻ āĻĒāϰ্āϝাāĻĒ্āϤ, āϝা āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖāϰূāĻĒে āĻāϧ্āϝাāϤ্āĻŽিāĻ āϏāĻ্āϝāϤা āϰাāĻে āĻāĻŦং āĻেāĻŦāϞ āĻāϧ্āϝাāϤ্āĻŽিāĻ āĻĒ্āϰāĻļিāĻ্āώāĻŖেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ্āϰিāϝ়া āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āύিāϝুāĻ্āϤ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে।
āĻāϏāϞাāĻŽে āĻļিāĻ্āώা āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻুāĻŖ: āĻŦৌāĻĻ্āϧিāĻ āĻ্āĻাāύ āĻ āϰ্āĻāύ (āϝুāĻ্āϤি āĻ āϝুāĻ্āϤিāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϝ়োāĻেāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে) āĻāĻŦং āĻāϧ্āϝাāϤ্āĻŽিāĻ āĻ্āĻাāύ āĻŦিāĻাāĻļ āĻāϰা (divineāĻļিāĻ āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāĻļ āĻāĻŦং āĻāϧ্āϝাāϤ্āĻŽিāĻ āĻ āĻিāĻ্āĻāϤা āĻĨেāĻে āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĒ্āϤ)। āĻāϏāϞাāĻŽেāϰ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦāĻĻāϰ্āĻļāύ āĻ āύুāϏাāϰে āĻļিāĻ্āώাāϰ āĻ্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻāĻāϝ়েāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āϏāĻŽাāύ āĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻāϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে। āĻāϏāϞাāĻŽে āĻ্āĻাāύ āĻ āϰ্āĻāύেāϰ āĻāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ āĻļেāώ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āύāϝ় āĻŦāϰং āĻāϰāĻ āĻāύ্āύāϤ āύৈāϤিāĻ āĻ āĻāϧ্āϝাāϤ্āĻŽিāĻ āĻেāϤāύাāĻে āĻāĻĻ্āĻĻীāĻĒিāϤ āĻāϰাāϰ āĻāĻĒাāϝ় āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে faithāĻŽাāύ āĻāĻŦং āϧাāϰ্āĻŽিāĻ āĻāϰ্āĻŽেāϰ āĻĻিāĻে āĻĒāϰিāĻাāϞিāϤ āĻāϰে।
āĻĒāĻŦিāϤ্āϰ āĻোāϰāĻāύ āĻ āĻĒ্āϰāϏāĻ্āĻে āĻোāύāĻ āĻŦāύ্āϧ্āϝা āύāϝ়। āĻāĻāĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āĻুāϰāĻāύে 4ā§Ļā§Ē āĻি āĻāϝ়াāϤ āϰāϝ়েāĻে āϝাāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻāϞāĻŽ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āĻŦা āĻāĻāĻ āĻāϤ্āϏেāϰ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻুāϞি āύিāĻŽ্āύāϞিāĻিāϤ āĻ্āϰāĻŽে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়েāĻে: - 49 āĻŦাāϰ, āĻāϞ-āĻāϞāĻŽ 80 āĻŦাāϰ, āĻāϞ্āϞাāĻŽু 11 āĻŦাāϰ, āĻāϞিāĻŽ 162 āĻŦাāϰ, āĻ'āϞিāĻŽ ā§§ā§Š āĻŦাāϰ, āĻāϞāĻŽাāύ ā§§ā§Ē āĻŦাāϰ, āĻāϞাāĻŽু ⧍, āĻŦাāϰ, āĻŽāϞ্āϞুāĻŽ āĻ āĻŽাāϞুāĻŽাāϤ ā§§ā§Š āĻŦাāϰ, āĻāϝ়াāϞাāĻŽুāύ ā§Žā§Ģ āĻŦাāϰ, āĻāϞāĻŽু ā§¯ā§Š āĻŦাāϰ, āϤেāϞাāĻŽুāύ ā§Ģ times āĻŦাāϰ। āĻāϞāĻŽ āĻāĻŦং āĻŦāĻ āĻ্āĻাāύেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϝ়োāĻāύীāϝ় āϏāĻšাāϝ়āĻ, āĻāĻŦং āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āĻ্āĻŦাāϞাāĻŽ 2 āĻŦাāϰ āĻāĻŦং āĻāϞ-āĻিāϤাāĻŦ 230 āĻŦাāϰ āĻāϏে। āĻāĻাāĻĄ়াāĻ āϞেāĻাāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻিāϤ āĻŦেāĻļ āĻāϝ়েāĻāĻি āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āϝেāĻŽāύ āĻাāĻাāĻŦা, āĻাāϤাāĻŦāύা, āĻুāϤিāĻŦা, āĻাāϤিāĻŦ, āĻāϝ়াāĻāϤāĻŦু, āύāĻ্āϤুāĻŦু āĻŦেāĻļ āĻāϝ়েāĻāĻি āĻļ্āϞোāĻে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়। āϞেāĻাāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻিāϤ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻুāϞি āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻāϰে āĻোāϰাāύীāϝ় āĻāϝ়াāϤāĻুāϞিāϰ āĻŽোāĻ āϏংāĻ্āϝা 319 āĻি āĻāĻŦং āĻোāϰাāύেāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āĻিāϤাāĻŦ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻি 81 āĻি āĻŦিāĻিāύ্āύ āĻāĻĒāϞāĻ্āώে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়েāĻে। āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽূāϞ্āϝāĻŦাāύ āĻāĻ্āϤিāĻুāϞিāϤে āĻুāϰāĻāύে āĻ্āĻাāύ āĻāĻŦং āĻāϰ āĻ āϧিāĻ্āϰāĻšāĻŖেāϰ āϝে āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāĻŖāĻুāϞি āĻোāϰ āĻĻেāĻāϝ়া āĻšāϝ়েāĻে āϤা āĻĒ্āϰāĻŽাāĻŖ āĻāϰাāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āĻāĻি āϝāĻĨেāώ্āĻ।
āĻāϏāϞাāĻŽে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰিāĻ āĻļিāĻ্āώাāĻŽূāϞāĻ āύীāϤিāϏāĻŽূāĻš:
āĻļিāĻ্āώাāĻāϤ āĻāĻĒাāĻĻাāύেāϰ āĻŽূāϞ্āϝাāϝ়āύ:
āĻļিāĻ্āώাāϰ āĻŦিāώāϝ়āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻāĻŽāύāĻাāĻŦে āĻŽূāϞ্āϝাāϝ়āύ āĻāϰা āĻšāϝ় āϝা āĻāϰāĻŽāĻĒāύ্āĻĨা āĻāĻĄ়াāύো āĻāĻļ্āĻŦাāϏ āĻĻেāϝ় āϝা āĻļাāϰীāϰিāĻ āĻ্āώāϝ়āĻ্āώāϤিāϤে āĻŦা āĻāĻŽāύāĻি āĻāĻāύāĻ āĻāĻāύāĻ āĻŽাāύāϏিāĻ āĻ āϏ্āĻŦাāĻাāĻŦিāĻāϤাāĻুāϞিāϤেāĻ āĻ āĻŦāϏাāύ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে।
⧍. āĻāϤ্āĻŽ-āϏāĻŽ্āĻŽাāύেāϰ āĻ āύুāĻূāϤি āĻāϤ্āϏাāĻšিāϤ āĻāϰা:
āĻāϏāϞাāĻŽী āĻļিāĻ্āώাāϰ āĻĒāĻĻ্āϧāϤিāϤে āĻļিāĻ্āώাāĻŦিāĻĻāĻে āĻāϤ্āĻŽ-āϏāĻŽ্āĻŽাāύেāϰ āĻŦোāϧ āϤৈāϰি āĻāϰāϤে āĻāĻĻ্āĻŦুāĻĻ্āϧ āĻāϰে। āϏুāϤāϰাং āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻļিāĻ্āώāĻেāϰ āĻāĻিāϤ āϤাāϰ āĻাāϤ্āϰāĻĻেāϰ āĻাāϰāĻĒাāĻļেāϰ āĻāĻāύা āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻে āϏāĻেāϤāύ āĻāϰা। āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻļিāĻ্āώāĻ āĻāĻŦং āĻļিāĻ্āώাāĻŦিāĻĻāĻেāĻ āϏāϰ্āĻŦোāϤ্āϤāĻŽ āĻĒāĻĻ্āϧāϤিāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āϏāϰ্āĻŦোāϤ্āϤāĻŽ āĻāĻĒাāĻĻাāύ āĻļেāĻাāύোāϰ āĻāĻŦং āϏāϰ্āĻŦোāϤ্āϤāĻŽ āĻĒāĻĻ্āϧāϤিāϤে āĻĒ্āϰāĻļিāĻ্āώāĻŖ āĻĻেāĻāϝ়াāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āĻļিāĻ্āώাāϰ্āĻĨীāĻĻেāϰ GodāĻļ্āĻŦāϰেāϰ āĻ্āϰাāϏ্āĻ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻŦিāĻŦেāĻāύা āĻāϰা āĻāĻিāϤ।
ā§Š. āĻাāϰ্āϝāϤ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤাāϰ āĻĻিāĻে āĻŽāύোāϝোāĻ āĻĻিāύ:
āĻĒāϰিāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖāϤাāϰ āĻĻিāĻে āĻŽাāύāĻŦ āĻāϤিāϤে "āĻ āĻŦাāϧ āĻĒāĻāύ্āĻĻ" āĻāϰ āĻূāĻŽিāĻাāϰ āĻĻিāĻে āĻŽāύোāύিāĻŦেāĻļ āĻāϰা, āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļাāĻŦāϞী āϤাāĻে / āϤাāĻে āĻĒ্āϝাāϏিāĻিāĻিāϤে āĻ েāϞে āύা āĻĻিāϝ়ে āĻāϰ্āĻŽে āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤাāϰ āϏুāϝোāĻ āĻĻেāĻāϝ়া āĻšāϝ়।
ā§Ē. āϧীāϰে āϧীāϰে āύীāϤি āĻĒāϰ্āϝāĻŦেāĻ্āώāĻŖ:
āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āĻ āĻ্āϰāĻāϤিāϰ āϧীāϰে āϧীāϰে āĻŦিāĻŦেāĻāύা āĻāϰে āϝা atura āĻŦা āĻ ্āϝাāĻাāĻāύ্āĻে āĻ āϰ্āĻিāϤ āĻšāϝ়, āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻļিāĻ্āώāĻāĻে āĻļিāĻ্āώাāϰ্āĻĨীāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦāϝ়āϏ āĻāĻŦং āĻĒ্āϰাāĻৃāϤিāĻ / āϏাāĻŽাāĻিāĻ āĻাāϰāĻŖāĻুāϞি āĻী āĻĒ্āϰāϝ়োāĻāύ āϤা āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻে āϏāĻেāϤāύ āĻšāϤে āĻšāĻŦে। āϤāĻĻāύুāϏাāϰে, āĻļিāĻ্āώāĻāĻে āĻĻ্āϰুāϤ āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻāϏ্āĻŽিāĻ āϞাāĻĢেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝাāĻļা āύা āĻāϰে āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāĻে āϧীāϰে āϧীāϰে āĻāĻŦং āϧাāĻĒে āϧাāĻĒে āĻāύ্āύীāϤ āĻāϰাāϰ āĻেāώ্āĻা āĻāϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে।
5. āύāĻŽāύীāϝ়āϤা:
āϝেāĻšেāϤু āĻŦ্āϝāĻ্āϤি āĻ āĻোāώ্āĻ ী āĻĒৃāĻĨāĻ, āϤাāĻ āĻĒ্āϰোāĻ্āϰাāĻŽিং āĻĒাāĻ ্āϝāĻ্āϰāĻŽ āĻāĻŦং āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϝ়োāĻāĻাāϰী āĻāĻāϝ় āĻ্āώেāϤ্āϰে āύāĻŽāύীāϝ়āϤাāϰ āĻĒāϰ্āϝāĻŦেāĻ্āώāĻŖ āĻāϰুāϰি।
What. āĻŦেāĻļি āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻŦিāώāϝ়āĻিāĻে āĻĒ্āϰাāϧাāύ্āϝ āĻĻেāĻāϝ়া:
āĻĒ্āϰāĻļিāĻ্āώāĻŖাāϰ্āĻĨীāϰা āĻ āϞ্āĻĒ āĻŦāϝ়āϏ্āĻ āĻļিāĻ্āώাāϰ্āĻĨীāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি āĻāĻŦং āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻাāĻŦāύা āĻŦাāĻĄ়াāϤে āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻূāĻŽিāĻা āĻĒাāϞāύ āĻāϰে। āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻি āĻāĻŦং āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻি āĻļিāĻ্āώাāύāĻŦিāĻļেāϰ āĻ āĻিāĻ্āĻāϤা āĻŦিāĻŦেāĻāύা āĻāϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে, āĻĒাāĻļাāĻĒাāĻļি āϏāĻŽāĻ্āϰ āĻāϏāϞাāĻŽী āϏāĻŽাāĻ āĻāĻŦং āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāĻাāĻŦে āĻŽাāύāĻŦ āϏāĻŽাāĻেāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āĻāĻĒāϝুāĻ্āϤ āĻি āϤা āĻŦিāĻŦেāĻāύা āĻāϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে। āĻ āϤāĻāĻŦ, āĻĒাāĻ ্āϝāĻ্āϰāĻŽেāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻāϞ্āĻĒāύাāĻাāϰী āĻāĻŦং āĻļিāĻ্āώāĻāĻĻেāϰ āĻāĻ্āĻāϤāϰ āϞāĻ্āώ্āϝāĻুāϞিāϰ āϤুāϞāύাāϝ় āϏāĻŽāϝ় āύāώ্āĻ āĻāϰা āĻŦা āĻāĻŽ āϰেāĻāϰ্āĻĄ āĻāϰা āĻĒ্āϰোāĻ্āϰাāĻŽ āĻāĻŦং āĻোāϰ্āϏāĻুāϞিāĻে āĻĒāϰিāώ্āĻাāϰ āĻāϰা āĻāĻিāϤ। āĻāĻাāĻĄ়াāĻ, āϤাāĻĻেāϰāĻে āĻিāϰāύ্āϤāύ āϏুāϏ্āĻĨāϤাāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻিāϤ āĻাāϰ্āϝāĻāϰ āĻāϏ্āϝুāĻুāϞিāϤে āĻāϰāĻ āĻŽāύোāϝোāĻ āĻĻিāϤে āĻšāĻŦে āĻāĻŦং āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻāϰāĻ āĻāĻĒāϝুāĻ্āϤāĻাāĻŦে āĻļেāĻাāϤে āĻšāĻŦে।
Natural. āĻĒ্āϰাāĻৃāϤিāĻ āĻ āϏাāĻŽাāĻিāĻ āĻ্āĻাāύ:
āĻāϏāϞাāĻŽ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻৃāϤিāĻ, āĻাāĻŖিāϤিāĻ āĻāĻŦং āϏাāĻŽাāĻিāĻ āĻŦিāĻ্āĻাāύāĻে āĻāĻāĻি āĻĒাāĻ ্āϝāĻ্āϰāĻŽেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻĒāϰিāĻāϝ় āĻāϰাāύোāϰ āĻāĻে āĻļিāĻ্āώাāϰ্āĻĨীāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦāϝ়āϏ āĻāĻŦং āĻŽাāύāϏিāĻ āĻĒ্āϰāϝ়োāĻāύীāϝ়āϤাāϰ āĻĒাāĻļাāĻĒাāĻļি āϏāĻŽাāĻেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϝ়োāĻāύীāϝ়āϤা āĻāĻŦং āϏāĻŽ্āĻাāĻŦāύাāĻুāϞিāϤে āĻāϰāĻ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻŽāύোāϝোāĻ āĻĻেāϝ়।
āĻāϏāϞাāĻŽেāϰ āĻļিāĻ্āώা āĻŽাāύুāώāĻে āĻ্āĻাāύ āĻ āϰ্āĻāύে āĻāϤ্āϏাāĻšিāϤ āĻāϰে; āĻāĻŦং āĻ্āĻাāύেāϰ āϞোāĻāĻĻেāϰ āĻ āϤ্āϝāύ্āϤ āĻāϞ্āϞেāĻāϝোāĻ্āϝ āϏ্āĻĨাāύে āϧāϰে āϰাāĻুāύ।
āύāĻŦী āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āĻāĻŦং āϤাঁāϰ āĻļিāĻ্āώাāϰ āϤāϤ্āϤ্āĻŦāϏāĻŽূāĻš:
āϤাঁāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰ, āĻŦāύ্āϧুāĻŦাāύ্āϧāĻŦ, āĻ āύুāϏাāϰী āĻāĻŦং āĻļāϤ্āϰুāĻĻেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āύāĻŦী āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āĻŦিāύোāĻĻāύেāϰ āĻļিāĻ্āώাāĻŽূāϞāĻ āϝোāĻাāϝোāĻেāϰ āĻĢāϞে āϤিāύি āϤাঁāϰ āϏāĻŽāϰ্āĻĨāύ āĻŦাāĻĄ়াāϤে āĻāĻŦং āϤাঁāϰ āĻāϏāϞাāĻŽেāϰ āĻŦাāĻŖী āĻĒৌঁāĻে āĻĻেāĻāϝ়াāϰ āĻĒāĻ্āώে āϤাঁāϰ āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύāĻে āĻļāĻ্āϤিāĻļাāϞী āĻāϰāϤে āϏāĻ্āώāĻŽ āĻšāύ। āĻāϞ্āϞাāĻšāϰ āĻĻাāĻāϝ়াāϤ āĻĻেāĻāϝ়াāϰ āϤেāĻāĻļ āĻŦāĻāϰেāϰāĻ āĻŦেāĻļি āϏāĻŽāϝ় āϧāϰে (āĻāϰāĻŦী āĻাāώাāϝ় GodāĻļ্āĻŦāϰ), āύāĻŦী āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āϞোāĻāĻĻেāϰāĻে āĻāϏāϞাāĻŽ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻে āĻļেāĻাāϤে āĻļিāĻ্āώাāĻŽূāϞāĻ āϝোāĻাāϝোāĻেāϰ āϧāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻĄ়ে āϤুāϞেāĻিāϞ।
āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦেāώāĻŖাāĻি āĻšāϝāϰāϤ āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āϏা। āĻ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ্āϤি āĻ āĻāύāĻāĻŖেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϝোāĻাāϝোāĻেāϰ āĻļিāĻ্āώাāĻŽূāϞāĻ āύিāĻĻāϰ্āĻļāύāĻুāϞি āĻ āύুāϏāύ্āϧাāύ āĻāϰাāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ investigate
āĻšāϝāϰāϤ āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āĻļিāĻ্āώাāϰ āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻে āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦ āĻĻিāϝ়েāĻিāϞেāύ। āĻŽাāύāĻŦ āĻāϤিāĻšাāϏেāϰ āĻāϤিāĻšাāϏে, āĻāĻŽāϰা āĻāϰ āĻāĻāĻāύāĻেāĻ āĻুāĻŦ āĻāĻŽāĻ āĻĒেāϞাāĻŽ āϝিāύি āĻļিāĻ্āώাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āϏেāĻ āĻŽুāĻšুāϰ্āϤেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦাāϰোāĻĒ āĻāϰেāĻিāϞেāύ। āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻāϏāϞাāĻŽী āϰাāώ্āĻ্āϰেāϰ āϏāϰ্āĻŦোāĻ্āĻ āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āϤিāύি āĻļিāĻ্āώাāĻে āĻĒুāϰুāώ āĻŦা āĻŽāĻšিāϞা āϏāĻāϞেāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻĻাāϝ়āĻŦāĻĻ্āϧ āĻŦāϞে āĻোāώāĻŖা āĻāϰেāĻিāϞেāύ। āĻŦাāϧ্āϝāϤাāĻŽূāϞāĻ āĻļিāĻ্āώাāϰ āĻāĻĨা āĻŦāϞা āĻāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻāϧুāύিāĻāϤাāĻŦাāĻĻীāĻĻেāϰ āĻāĻĻ্āĻাāĻŦāύ āύāϝ়। āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āĻŽāĻĻীāύা āϏিāĻি āϏ্āĻেāĻ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāϝ় āĻ āĻŦিāϞāĻŽ্āĻŦে āĻāĻি āĻŦাāϧ্āϝāϤাāĻŽূāϞāĻ āĻোāώāĻŖা āĻāϰেāĻিāϞেāύ। āĻŽেāĻĄেāύিāϏ্āĻিāĻ āϰেāĻিāĻŽ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāϰ āĻāĻেāĻŦাāϰে āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤীāϝ় āĻŦāĻāϰেāĻ āĻŦাāϧ্āϝāϤাāĻŽূāϞāĻ āĻļিāĻ্āώা āϏংāĻ্āϰাāύ্āϤ āϤাঁāϰ āĻāĻāύāĻি āϤাāϰ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻোāϰ āĻĻিāϝ়ে āĻāĻŦং āύāĻŦāĻাāϤāĻ āϰাāώ্āĻ্āϰেāϰ āĻĒāĻ্āώে āϏāĻŽ্āĻāĻŦ āĻļāĻ্āϤি āĻĒ্āϰāϝ়োāĻ āĻāϰে āĻাāϰ্āϝāĻāϰ āĻāϰা āĻļুāϰু āĻāϰে। āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻāĻি āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦ āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦāĻŦাāĻĻীāϰ āĻŽāϤো āϤিāύি āϤাঁāϰ āϞোāĻāĻĻেāϰ āϤাāĻĻেāϰāĻে ‘āĻ্āĻাāύ āϝা āĻোāύāĻ āĻাāĻে āĻāϏে āύা’ āĻĨেāĻে āĻŦাঁāĻাāύোāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āϏāϤāϰ্āĻ āĻāϰেāĻিāϞেāύ। āĻ āύ্āϝ āĻāĻĨাāϝ়, āϤিāύি āĻāĻĒāύাāĻে āĻুঁāĻি āĻĨেāĻে āĻাāϰ্āύেāϞāĻি āĻĒৃāĻĨāĻ āĻāϰāϤে āĻāĻŦং āĻĒāĻĻাāϰ্āĻĨāĻে āĻাāϝ়া āĻĨেāĻে āĻāϞাāĻĻা āĻāϰāϤে āĻŦāϞেāĻিāϞেāύ। āĻāĻŦং āĻĒ্āϰাāϰ্āĻĨāύা āĻāϰুāύ, āĻāĻ āĻŽāĻšাāύ āĻŦিāĻĒ্āϞāĻŦীāϰ āĻĻৃāώ্āĻিāϰ āύিঃāĻļ্āĻŦাāϏ āϤাāĻাāĻ। āϤিāύি āϝেāĻĻিāĻেāĻ āϤা āĻĒেāϝ়ে āϝাāĻŦেāύ āϏেāĻাāύ āĻĨেāĻে āϏāĻĻ্āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻāϰাāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻĻেāύ āĻāĻŦং āĻāϰāĻ āĻĒāϰাāĻŽāϰ্āĻļ āĻĻেāύ āϝে āĻ্āĻাāύ āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻŽুāĻŽিāύেāϰ āϧāύ-āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ āύāώ্āĻ āĻšāϝ় āĻāĻŦং āĻāϰ āĻāϤ্āϏ āϝা āĻিāĻু āĻšোāĻ āϤা āĻ āϰ্āĻāύ āĻāϰাāϰ āĻāĻĻেāĻļ āĻĻেāϝ়। āϝāϤāĻ্āώāĻŖ āĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ āĻŽুāϏāϞāĻŽাāύāϰা āĻāĻ āĻĻৃāώ্āĻিāĻļāĻ্āϤিāĻিāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϏাāϰ āĻ āĻŦ্āϝাāĻšāϤ āϰেāĻেāĻিāϞ āϤāϤāĻ্āώāĻŖে āϤাāϰা āĻāϞোāĻ āĻ āĻļিāĻ্āώাāϰ āĻŽāĻļাāϞাāĻĻাāϰ āĻিāϞ āĻāĻŦং āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻŦিāĻিāύ্āύ āϏংāϏ্āĻৃāϤি āĻ āϏāĻ্āϝāϤাāϰ āĻŦিāĻাāϰেāϰ āĻāĻĻāϰ্āĻļ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻŦিāĻŦেāĻিāϤ āĻšāϤ।
āύāĻŦী āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āϏাāĻŽ্āϝ āĻ āĻ্āϰাāϤৃāϤ্āĻŦ āĻোāώāĻŖা āĻāϰেāĻিāϞেāύ। āϤিāύি āĻেāĻŦāϞ āĻāĻি āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāϰে āϏāύ্āϤুāώ্āĻ āĻিāϞেāύ āύা, āϤāĻŦে āĻāĻি āĻ āύুāĻļীāϞāύ āĻāϰেāĻিāϞেāύ। āϤাঁāϰ āύিāĻāĻāϤāĻŽ āϏāĻšāĻāϰāĻĻেāϰ āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻিāϞেāύ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻ্āϤāύ āύিāĻ্āϰো āĻ্āϰীāϤāĻĻাāϏ, āĻŦিāϞাāϞ; āϤাঁāϰ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦāϏ্āϤ āϞেāĻĢāĻেāύ্āϝাāύ্āĻāĻĻেāϰ āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻিāϞেāύ āϏাāϞāĻŽাāύ āύাāĻŽে āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻāϰাāύী; āϰোāĻŽেāϰ āϤৃāϤীāϝ় āϏুāĻšাāϝ়āĻŦেāϰ āύাāĻŽāĻāϰāĻŖ āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝেāĻে āĻŦিāĻিāύ্āύ āĻĻিāĻ, āĻিāύ্āύ āĻাāώা āĻāĻŦং āĻŦিāĻিāύ্āύ heritageāϤিāĻš্āϝেāϰ āĻĨেāĻে āĻāϏে। āĻিāύ্āϤু āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻļিāĻ্āώāĻেāϰ āϏংāĻে āϤাāϰা āϏāĻāϞেāĻ āϏাāĻšাāĻŦী āĻিāϞ, āĻŦিāύা āĻĒাāϰ্āĻĨāĻ্āϝেāĻ āĻāĻে āĻ āĻĒāϰেāϰ āϏāĻŽাāύ। āϰāĻ āĻ āĻĻেāĻļ āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦিāĻĒ্āϞāĻŦী āĻāĻŦং āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻ্āϰাāϤৃāϤ্āĻŦāĻŦোāϧāĻে āĻ্āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāϰাāϰ āĻĒāĻĨে āĻĻাঁāĻĄ়াāϝ় āύি
āύāĻŦী āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāύা āĻāϰেāĻেāύ āϝে āĻ্āĻাāύ āĻ āύ্āĻŦেāώāĻŖেāϰ āĻāϰ āύীāϤি āĻ āϏ্āϤāϰ āϰāϝ়েāĻে; āϏুāϤāϰাং āϝে āĻেāĻ āĻāĻ āύীāϤিāĻুāϞিāϰ āĻিāϤ্āϤিāϤে āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻ āĻাāϤীāϝ় āĻ্āĻাāύেāϰ āϏāύ্āϧাāύেāϰ āĻিāϤ্āϤিāϤে āĻ্āĻাāύ āĻ āϰ্āĻāύ āĻāϰāϤে āĻŦা āĻ āύুāϏāύ্āϧাāύ āĻāϰāϤে āĻŦ্āϝāϰ্āĻĨ āĻšāϝ় āϏে āĻāĻি āĻ āϰ্āĻāύ āĻāϰāϤে āĻŦ্āϝāϰ্āĻĨ āĻšāϝ়। āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻি āĻāϏ্āϝুāĻি āĻ্āĻাāύেāϰ āĻļিāĻ্āώাāϰ্āĻĨীāĻĻেāϰ āĻāĻŦং āϝাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ্āĻাāύ āϰāϝ়েāĻে āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ āύ্āϤāϰে āĻāĻিāĻে āĻাāϞিāϤ āĻāϰাāϰ āĻāĻļাāϝ় āĻোāϰ āĻĻেāĻāϝ়া āĻšāϝ়েāĻিāϞ āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻি āϏāĻŽāϝ়েāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϏাāĻĨে āĻĒāϰ্āϝাāϝ়āĻ্āϰāĻŽে āĻ্āĻাāύāĻে āĻুāĻāϰো āĻুāĻāϰো āĻāϰে āĻ āϰ্āĻāύ āĻāϰা। āϝেāĻŽāύāĻি āĻŦিāĻ্āϝাāϤ āĻāϞেāĻŽ āĻāĻŦāύে āĻļিāĻšাāĻŦ āĻāϝ-āĻুāĻšāϰি āĻŦāϞেāĻিāϞেāύ, "āϝে āĻŦ্āϝāĻ্āϤি āĻāĻāĻŦাāϰে āĻ্āĻাāύ āĻ āϰ্āĻāύেāϰ āϞāĻ্āώ্āϝ āϰাāĻে, āϏে āϤাāĻে āĻāĻāϏাāĻĨে āĻেāĻĄ়ে āĻĻেāĻŦে। āĻŦāϰং āĻĻিāύ āĻāĻŦং āϰাāϤ āĻĒেāϰিāϝ়ে āĻ্āĻাāύ āĻ āϰ্āĻāύ āĻāϰা āĻāĻিāϤ" āĻļিāĻ্āώাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻেāϰ āĻāĻ্āϰāĻšāĻ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে "āϤাāĻŦāĻাāϤ" -āϤে āĻāĻŦāύে āϏা'āĻĻেāϰ āĻāĻĻ্āϧৃāϤি āĻ āύুāϏাāϰে theāϤিāĻš্āϝ āĻĨেāĻে āĻŦিāĻাāϰ āĻāϰুāύ āϝে āĻŦāĻĻāϰেāϰ āϝুāĻĻ্āϧে āĻŽāĻ্āĻা āĻŦāύ্āĻĻীāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻ āύেāĻেāĻ āĻিāϞেāύ āϝাāϰা āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤাāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āĻ āϰ্āĻĨ āĻĻিāϤে āĻĒাāϰেāύāύি; āĻāϰ āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϏাāĻ্āώāϰāĻĻেāϰ āύāĻŦী āĻāĻŽāĻĒāĻ্āώে āĻĻāĻļ āĻāύ āύিāϰāĻ্āώāϰ āĻŽুāϏāϞিāĻŽ āĻļিāĻļুāĻে āĻŽুāĻ্āϤিāĻĒāĻŖ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻĒāĻĄ়াāύোāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻĻিāϝ়েāĻিāϞেāύ। āĻাāϝ়েāĻĻ āĻŦিāύ āĻĨাāĻŦিāϤ, āϝিāύি āĻĒāϰে āĻোāϰাāύীāϝ় āĻ āĻŦāϤাāϰāĻŖাāϰ āĻ āύ্āϝāϤāĻŽ āϞেāĻāĻ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻ্āϝাāϤি āĻ āϰ্āĻāύ āĻāϰেāĻিāϞেāύ, āϤিāύি āĻāĻাāĻŦে āĻĒāĻĄ়āϤে āĻāĻŦং āϞিāĻāϤে āĻļিāĻেāĻিāϞেāύ। āĻāĻাāĻ āĻāϞ্āϞেāĻāϝোāĻ্āϝ āϝে, āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āĻŦিāĻĻেāĻļী āĻাāώা āĻļেāĻাāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āĻāϤ্āϏাāĻšিāϤ āĻāϰেāĻিāϞেāύ āĻāĻŦং āϤাāĻ āĻাāϝ়েāĻĻ āĻŦিāύ āĻĨাāĻŦিāϤ āĻĒাāϰāϏ্āϝ, āĻ্āϰীāĻ, āĻāĻĨিāĻāĻĒীāϝ়, āĻāϰাāĻŽাāĻāĻ āĻāĻŦং āĻšিāĻŦ্āϰু āĻাāώাāĻ āĻļিāĻāϤেāύ āĻŦāϞে āĻ্āϝাāϤিāĻŽাāύ āĻšāϝ়। āĻāĻāĻ.āĻ. "HistoryāϤিāĻšাāϏিāĻ āϞেāĻাāϰ āĻāϤিāĻšাāϏেāϰ āĻŦাāϰ্āύে" āĻŦাāϰ্āύāϏ (āĻāĻāϞাāĻšোāĻŽা, 1937, āĻĒৃāώ্āĻ া 93), "āĻŦিāĻিāύ্āύ āĻĻিāĻ āĻĨেāĻে āĻŽāϧ্āϝāϝুāĻেāϰ āϏāϰ্āĻŦাāϧিāĻ āĻāύ্āύāϤ āϏāĻ্āϝāϤা āĻ্āϰিāϏ্āĻাāύ āϏংāϏ্āĻৃāϤি āĻিāϞ āύা, āĻŦāϰং āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦাāϏেāϰ āϞোāĻāĻĻেāϰ āϏāĻ্āϝāϤা āĻিāϞ āĻāϏāϞাāĻŽ। "
āĻšāϝāϰāϤ āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ (āϏা।) - āĻāϰ āĻļিāĻ্āώাāĻ āύীāĻে āĻĻেāĻāϝ়া āĻšāϝ়েāĻে:
* āĻাāύাāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āĻāĻŦুāϞ āĻĨেāĻে āĻāĻŦāϰে āϏāύ্āϧাāύ āĻāϰুāύ।
* āĻāϞেāĻŽেāϰ āĻাāϞি āĻļāĻšীāĻĻেāϰ āϰāĻ্āϤেāϰ āĻেāϝ়ে āĻĒāĻŦিāϤ্āϰ।
* āĻ্āĻাāύ āĻ āϰ্āĻāύ āĻš'āϞ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻি āĻŽুāϏāϞিāĻŽ, āύāϰ-āύাāϰীāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻāϰ্āϤāĻŦ্āϝ is
* āϏে āĻŽাāϰা āϝাāϝ় āύা, āϝে āĻļিāĻ্āώা āĻ্āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāϰে।
* āĻĒুāϰুāώāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϏāĻŦāĻেāϝ়ে āĻাāϰাāĻĒ āϞোāĻ āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻাāϰাāĻĒ āĻļিāĻ্āώিāϤ āĻŽাāύুāώ āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻাāϞ āĻļিāĻ্āώিāϤ āĻŽাāύুāώāĻ āϏāĻŦāĻেāϝ়ে āϏেāϰা।
* āĻŦিāĻĻ্āĻŦাāύāĻĻেāϰ āĻāĻĨা āĻļোāύাāϰ āĻāĻŦং āĻŦিāĻ্āĻাāύেāϰ āĻĒাāĻ েāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āĻ āύুāĻļীāϞāύ āĻāϰা āϧāϰ্āĻŽীāϝ় āĻ āύুāĻļীāϞāύেāϰ āĻেāϝ়ে āĻāϤ্āϤāĻŽ।
* āĻ্āĻাāύ āĻ āϰ্āĻāύ; āĻāĻি āĻŽাāϞিāĻāĻে āϏāĻ িāĻ āĻĨেāĻে āĻুāϞ āĻĨেāĻে āĻāϞাāĻĻা āĻāϰāϤে āϏāĻ্āώāĻŽ āĻāϰে; āĻāĻি āĻāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āϏুāĻেāϰ āĻĻিāĻে āĻĒāϰিāĻাāϞিāϤ āĻāϰে; āĻāĻি āĻāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻĻুāϰ্āĻĻāĻļাāĻ্āϰāϏ্āĻĨ āĻāϰে āϤোāϞে; āĻāĻি āĻŦāύ্āϧুāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻāĻāĻি āĻ āϞāĻ্āĻাāϰ āĻāĻŦং āĻļāϤ্āϰুāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦিāϰুāĻĻ্āϧে āĻāĻāĻি āĻŦāϰ্āĻŽ।
* āĻ āϤিāϰিāĻ্āϤ āĻĒ্āϰাāϰ্āĻĨāύা āĻāϰাāϰ āĻেāϝ়ে āĻ āϤিāϰিāĻ্āϤ āĻ্āĻাāύāĻ āĻāϤ্āϤāĻŽ।
* āϝে āĻŦিāĻĻ্āĻŦাāύāĻĻেāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻŽাāύ āĻāϰে, āĻāĻŽাāĻে āϏāĻŽ্āĻŽাāύ āĻāϰে।
* āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻ্āĻাāύী āϞোāĻ āĻļāϝ়āϤাāύেāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰে āĻšাāĻাāϰ āĻ āĻ্āĻাāύ āĻāĻĒাāϏāĻ āĻ āĻĒেāĻ্āώা āĻŦেāĻļি āĻļāĻ্āϤ।
* āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻ āĻ্āĻ āĻāĻĒাāϏāĻেāϰ āĻেāϝ়ে āĻ্āĻাāύী āϞোāĻেāϰ āĻļ্āϰেāώ্āĻ āϤ্āĻŦ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āύāĻ্āώāϤ্āϰেāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰে āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖিāĻŽাāϰ āĻŽāϤো।
* āϞোāĻেāϰা āϏোāύাāϰ āĻ āϰৌāĻĒ্āϝেāϰ āĻāύিāĻুāϞিāϰ āĻŽāϤো। āĻāϏāϞাāĻŽে āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻāϰāĻ āĻļ্āϰেāώ্āĻ āϤাāϰা āϝাāϰা āĻ্āĻাāύ āĻ āϰ্āĻāύ āĻāϰে।
* āĻ্āĻাāύ āĻļুāϧুāĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āĻļিāĻ্āώাāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻŦāĻাāϝ় āϰাāĻা āĻšāϝ়।
* āĻ্āĻাāύীāϰা āĻšāϞেāύ āύāĻŦীāĻĻেāϰ āĻāϤ্āϤāϰাāϧিāĻাāϰী। āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻāϤ্āϤāϰাāϧিāĻাāϰ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻ্āĻাāύ āϰāϝ়েāĻে; āĻāĻŦং āϝাāϰ āĻāϤ্āϤāϰাāϧিāĻাāϰ āϏূāϤ্āϰে āϤিāύি āĻāϤ্āϤāϰাāϧিāĻাāϰ āϏূāϤ্āϰে āĻĒাāύ।
* āĻ āĻ্āĻāϤাāϰ āĻāĻāĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āύিāϰাāĻŽāϝ় āĻিāĻ্āĻাāϏা āĻāϰা।
* āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻāϞেāĻŽেāϰ āĻāĻ āĻšাāĻাāϰ āϧāϰ্āĻŽāĻĒ্āϰাāĻŖ āĻĒুāϰুāώেāϰ āĻেāϝ়ে āĻļāϝ়āϤাāύেāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻ্āώāĻŽāϤা āϰāϝ়েāĻে।
āĻāĻĒāϏংāĻšাāϰ:
āĻāϏāϞাāĻŽ āĻ্āĻাāύ āĻিāϤ্āϤিāĻ āĻāĻāĻি āϧāϰ্āĻŽ। āĻুāϰāĻāύেāϰ āĻāϝ়াāϤāĻি āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāϝ়াāϤ āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āϝা āĻŽাāύুāώāĻে āϤাāϰ āĻŦুāĻĻ্āϧি āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻāϰāϤে, āĻিāύ্āϤা āĻāϰāϤে, āĻিāύ্āϤা āĻāϰāϤে āĻāĻŦং āĻাāύাāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āĻāĻŽāύ্āϤ্āϰāĻŖ āĻাāύিāϝ়েāĻিāϞ, āĻাāϰāĻŖ āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āĻীāĻŦāύেāϰ āϞāĻ্āώ্āϝ āĻšāϞ āϏāϤ্āϝāĻে āĻāĻŦিāώ্āĻাāϰ āĻāϰা āϝা GodāĻļ্āĻŦāϰāĻে āĻāĻāĻāĻাāĻŦে āĻāĻĒাāϏāύা āĻāϰা āĻাāĻĄ়া āĻāϰ āĻিāĻুāĻ āύāϝ়। āĻšাāĻĻীāϏ āϏাāĻšিāϤ্āϝেāĻ āĻ্āĻাāύেāϰ āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻāϞ্āϞেāĻ āϰāϝ়েāĻে। āύāĻŦী (āϏা।) - āĻāϰ āĻāĻ āĻāĻ্āϤিāĻি "āĻāĻŦুāϞেāϰ āĻাāĻে āĻāĻŦāϰে āĻ্āĻাāύ āϏāύ্āϧাāύ āĻāϰুāύ", (āĻšাāĻĻীāϏ) āĻāĻŦং "āϏāϤ্āϝāĻ āĻ্āĻাāύেāϰ āϞোāĻেāϰা āύāĻŦীāĻĻেāϰ āĻāϤ্āϤāϰাāϧিāĻাāϰী"। āύāĻŦী āϤাঁāϰ āϏাāĻšাāĻŦীāĻĻেāϰ āĻāĻĨা āĻ āĻাāĻে āϏুāύ্āύাāϤ āĻļিāĻ্āώা āĻĻিāϤেāύ āĻāĻŦং āϤাāĻĻেāϰāĻে āϤা āĻ āύুāϏāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰাāϰ āĻāĻš্āĻŦাāύ āĻাāύিāϝ়েāĻিāϞেāύ, āϝেāĻŽāύāĻি āϤিāύি āϤাঁāϰ āĻšাāĻĻীāϏে āĻŦāϞেāĻেāύ: “āĻāĻŽাāϰ āϏুāύ্āύাāĻšāĻে āĻŽাāύ্āϝ āĻāϰুāύ” āĻāĻŦং “āϝে āĻŦ্āϝāĻ্āϤি āĻāĻŽাāϰ āϏুāύ্āύাāϤāĻে āĻ āĻŦāĻšেāϞা āĻāϰāĻŦে āϏে āĻāĻŽাāϰāĻ āύāϝ়।” ‘āĻāĻŦāĻĻুāϞ্āϞাāĻš āĻāĻŦāύে āĻŽাāϏāĻāĻĻ āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāύা āĻāϰেāĻেāύ āϝে, āĻšāϝāϰāϤ āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āĻŦāϞেāĻেāύ:“ āĻāϞ্āϞাāĻš āĻāĻŽাāϰ āĻāĻে āĻāĻŽāύ āĻোāύ āύāĻŦীāĻে āĻĒ্āϰেāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰেāύāύি, āϤāĻŦে āϤাঁāϰ āĻাāϤিāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝ āĻĨেāĻেāĻ āϤাঁāϰ āĻļিāώ্āϝ āĻāĻŦং āϤাঁāϰ āϏাāĻšাāĻŦী āĻিāϞেāύ āϝাāϰা āϤাঁāϰ āϏুāύ্āύাāĻš āĻ āύুāϏāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰেāĻিāϞেāύ āĻāĻŦং āϤাঁāϰ āĻāĻĻেāĻļ āĻĒাāϞāύ āĻāϰেāĻেāύ। ” (āĻŽুāϏāϞিāĻŽ āĻĨেāĻে āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖিāϤ, āύং .ā§§। āύāĻŦী āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āĻুāϰāĻāύ āĻ āύুāϏাāϰে āĻীāĻŦāύāϝাāĻĒāύ āĻāϰāϤেāύ, āϤিāύি āĻিāϞেāύ āĻুāϰāĻāύেāϰ āĻāϏāϞ āĻেāϤāύা। āĻ āĻাāϰāĻŖেāĻ āĻ āύ্āϝāϰা āϤাঁāϰ āĻāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻ āύুāϏāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻŦে āĻāĻŦং āĻাāϰāĻŖ āĻāϞ্āϞাāĻš āĻŽাāύুāώāĻে āĻāĻĻেāĻļ āĻāϰেāĻেāύ it āϞāĻ্āώ্āϝ āĻিāϞ āύāĻŦীāĻি āĻ ieāĻŽাāύāĻĻাāϰāĻāĻŖেāϰ āϏাāĻšাāĻŦীāĻĻেāϰ āĻীāĻŦāύāϝাāϤ্āϰাāĻে āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ āĻĒāĻĨ āĻ āĻŦāϞāĻŽ্āĻŦāύ āĻāϰা āϝা āϏāϤ্āϝিāĻাāϰেāϰ āĻŽুāϏāϞāĻŽাāύ āĻিāϞ। āύāĻŦী āĻেāĻŦāϞ āĻ্āĻাāύেāϰ āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻে āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāϰ āĻāϰেāύāύি, āϤিāύি āĻ্āĻাāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāϰেāϰ āĻāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖāĻ āĻĻিāϝ়েāĻিāϞেāύ। āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽāĻĻিāĻে āĻŽুāϏāϞāĻŽাāύ āĻ āĻ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦাāϏী āĻŦা āĻŽāĻ্āĻাāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϝুāĻĻ্āϧ, āϝে āĻŦāĻĻāϰেāϰ āϝুāĻĻ্āϧ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻĒāϰিāĻিāϤ, āĻŽুāϏāϞāĻŽাāύāϰা āĻŦিāĻāϝ় āĻ āϰ্āĻāύ āĻāϰে āĻāĻŦং āϏāϤ্āϤāϰāĻāύ āĻুāĻĢাāϰāĻে āϝুāĻĻ্āϧāĻŦāύ্āĻĻী āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āϧāϰেāĻিāϞ।āύāĻŦী āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āϰāĻিāϤ āĻĒাঁāϧা āĻŽুāĻ্āϤি āĻĻেāĻāϝ়াāϰ āĻ āύ্āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻŽাāύāĻĻāĻŖ্āĻĄ āĻিāϞ, āϝাāϰা āĻাāϰাāĻাāϰে āĻļিāĻ্āώিāϤ āĻিāϞ āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে। āĻĻāĻļ āĻāύ āĻŽুāϏāϞেāĻŽ āĻŦাāĻ্āĻাāĻে āĻীāĻাāĻŦে āĻĒāĻĄ়āϤে āĻāĻŦং āϞিāĻāϤে āĻšāϝ় āϤা āĻļিāĻিāϝ়ে āĻĻিāϞে āϤাāϰা āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰāϤ। āĻšāϝāϰāϤ āĻŽুāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āϏাāϞ্āϞাāϞ্āϞাāĻšু āĻāϞাāĻāĻšি āĻāϝ়াāϏাāϞ্āϞাāĻŽ āĻŦāϞেāĻেāύ: "āϝāĻĻি āĻেāĻ āĻ্āĻাāύেāϰ āϏāύ্āϧাāύে āϰাāϏ্āϤাāϝ় āϝাāϤাāϝ়াāϤ āĻāϰে āϤāĻŦে GodāĻļ্āĻŦāϰ āϤাāĻে āĻāĻ āĻĒāĻĨে āĻ্āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻāϰāϤে āĻŦাāϧ্āϝ āĻāϰāĻŦেāύ। āĻাāύ্āύাāϤেāϰ āϰাāϏ্āϤাāĻুāϞি, āĻĢেāϰেāĻļāϤাāϰা āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āύীāĻু āĻāϰে āĻĻেāĻŦে āϝিāύি āĻ্āĻাāύ āĻাāύ āϤাāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāĻšাāύ āĻāύāύ্āĻĻে āĻĄাāύা āĻŽেāϞে। āĻāĻাāĻļ āĻ āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āĻŦাāϏিāύ্āĻĻাāϰা āĻāĻŦং (āĻāĻŽāύāĻি) āĻāĻীāϰ āĻāϞেāϰ āĻŽাāĻāĻুāϞি āĻ্āĻাāύিāϤ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ্āϤিāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āĻ্āώāĻŽা āĻĒ্āϰাāϰ্āĻĨāύা āĻāϰāĻŦে। āϧāϰ্āĻŽāĻāĻ্āϤāĻĻেāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻ্āĻাāύ āĻ āϰ্āĻāύāĻাāϰীāĻĻেāϰ āĻļ্āϰেāώ্āĻ āϤ্āĻŦ āĻš'āϞ āĻাঁāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāϤো, āϝāĻāύ āĻāĻি āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻšāϝ়, āϤāĻāύ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āύāĻ্āώāϤ্āϰেāϰ āĻেāϝ়ে। āĻŦিāĻĻ্āĻŦাāύāϰা āĻšāϞেāύ āύāĻŦী-āϰাāϏূāϞāĻāĻŖেāϰ āĻāϤ্āϤāϰাāϧিāĻাāϰী āĻāĻŦং āύāĻŦী-āϰাāϏূāϞāĻāĻŖ āĻāϞে āϝাāύ (āĻোāύāĻ āĻāϰ্āĻĨিāĻ āĻāϤ্āϤāϰাāϧিāĻাāϰ āύেāĻ), āϤাāϰা āĻেāĻŦāϞ āĻ্āĻাāύ āϰেāĻে āϝাāϝ় āĻāĻŦং āϝে āĻ্āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāϰে āϏে āĻĒ্āϰāĻুāϰ āĻ ংāĻļ āύেāϝ়।
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